End of treatment | 3 months post-treatment | 24 months post-treatment | Treatment–time interaction (slope) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CPG | ||||
tCBT | 0.4† | 0.5† | 0.7 | 1.02 |
(0.3 to 0.8) | (0.3 to 0.8) | (0.3 to 1.3) | (0.99 to 1.05) | |
Exercise | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.02 |
(0.5 to 1.1) | (0.5 to 1.2) | (0.7 to 2.4) | (0.99 to 1.05) | |
Combined treatment | 0.5† | 0.5‡ | 0.9 | 1.03 |
(0.3 to 0.8) | (0.3 to 0.8) | (0.4 to 1.8) | (1.00 to 1.06) | |
GHQ | ||||
tCBT | −1.0‡ | −1.0‡ | −1.0‡ | 0.00 |
(−1.8 to −0.3) | (−1.8 to −0.3) | (−1.9 to −0.1) | (−0.03 to 0.04) | |
Exercise | −0.9‡ | −0.9‡ | −0.5 | 0.02 |
(−1.7 to −0.2) | (−1.6 to −0.2) | (−1.4 to 0.3) | (−0.02 to 0.05) | |
Combined treatment | −1.0‡ | −0.8‡ | 0.0 | 0.04‡ |
(−1.7 to −0.2) | (−1.5 to −0.1) | (−0.9 to 0.9) | (0.00 to 0.08) | |
Fatigue | ||||
tCBT | −2.6‡ | −2.4‡ | −1.0 | 0.06 |
(−4.4 to −0.7) | (−4.1 to −0.6) | (−3.0 to 1.1) | (−0.01 to 0.14) | |
Exercise | −2.4‡ | −2.2‡ | −1.2 | 0.05 |
(−4.1 to −0.7) | (−3.9 to −0.6) | (−3.2 to 0.8) | (−0.02 to 0.12) | |
Combined treatment | −4.4† | −4.0† | −1.5 | 0.12† |
(−6.1 to −2.6) | (−5.7 to −2.3) | (−3.5 to 0.5) | (0.04 to 0.20) | |
VPMI passive coping | ||||
tCBT | −2.0‡ | −2.0‡ | −2.7‡ | −0.03 |
(−3.7 to −0.2) | (−3.7 to −0.4) | (−4.7 to −0.7) | (−0.10 to 0.04) | |
Exercise | −2.0‡ | −2.0‡ | −1.3 | 0.03 |
(−3.6 to −0.3) | (−3.5 to −0.3) | (−3.2 to 0.6) | (−0.04 to 0.10) | |
Combined treatment | −3.1† | −3.1† | −3.1† | 0.00 |
(−4.7 to −1.5) | (−4.7 to −1.5) | (−5.0 to −1.2) | (−0.07 to 0.07) | |
VPMI active coping | ||||
tCBT | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.00 |
(−0.1 to 1.7) | (0.0 to 1.6) | (−0.3 to 1.8) | (−0.05 to 0.04) | |
Exercise | 1.1‡ | 1.1‡ | 0.7 | −0.02 |
(0.3 to 2.0) | (0.3 to 1.9) | (−0.3 to 1.8) | (−0.06 to 0.03) | |
Combined treatment | 1.3† | 1.3† | 0.8 | −0.02 |
(0.5 to 2.1) | (0.5 to 2.0) | (−0.2 to 1.8) | (−0.07 to 0.02) | |
Sleep problems | ||||
tCBT | −1.8‡ | −1.7‡ | −0.8 | 0.04 |
(−3.0 to −0.6) | (−2.8 to −0.5) | (−2.3 to 0.6) | (−0.02 to 0.10) | |
Exercise | −1.2‡ | −1.2‡ | −0.9 | 0.01 |
(−2.4 to −0.1) | (−2.3 to −0.1) | (−2.3 to 0.5) | (−0.04 to 0.07) | |
Combined treatment | −1.5‡ | −1.4‡ | −0.8 | 0.03 |
(−2.6 to −0.3) | (−2.5 to −0.2) | (−2.2 to 0.6) | (−0.03 to 0.08) | |
TSK | ||||
tCBT | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.9‡ | −0.02 |
(−3.0 to 0.1) | (−3.0 to 0.0) | (−3.6 to −0.2) | (−0.08 to 0.04) | |
Exercise | −1.5 | −1.4 | −1.2 | 0.01 |
(−3.0 to 0.0) | (−2.9 to 0.0) | (−2.9 to 0.5) | (−0.04 to 0.07) | |
Combined treatment | −2.4† | −2.5† | −2.6† | −0.01 |
(−3.9 to −1.0) | (−3.9 to −1.0) | (−4.3 to −0.9) | (−0.06 to 0.05) |
*Comparison group—treatment as usual. All models are adjusted for age, sex, centre, baseline CPG and GHQ scores, and baseline levels of outcome of interest.
†p<0.004, with correction for multiple testing.
‡p<0.05.
CPG, Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; TAU, treatment as usual; tCBT, telephone cognitive behavioural therapy; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; VPMI, Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory.