Primary and secondary outcomes at 24 months post-treatment
| TAU N=94 | tCBT N=82 | Exercise N=92 | Combined N=93 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome: global change in health since entering trial | ||||
| Original data | ||||
| Very much better | 3 (3.2) | 5 (6.1) | 5 (5.4) | 10 (10.8) |
| Much better | 9 (9.6) | 24 (29.3) | 22 (23.9) | 19 (20.4) |
| A little better | 14 (14.9) | 15 (18.3) | 16 (17.4) | 17 (18.3) |
| No change | 31 (33.0) | 21 (25.6) | 22 (23.9) | 19 (20.4) |
| A little worse | 21 (22.3) | 9 (11.0) | 16 (17.4) | 18 (19.4) |
| Much worse | 7 (7.5) | 8 (9.8) | 9 (9.8) | 10 (10.8) |
| Very much worse | 9 (9.6) | 0 | 2 (2.2) | 0 |
| Dichotomised outcome | ||||
| Much better/very much better | 12 (12.8) | 29 (35.4) | 27 (29.3) | 29 (31.2) |
| Less than much better | 82 (87.2) | 53 (64.6) | 65 (70.7) | 64 (68.8) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| CPG | ||||
| 0—No pain | 14 (19.4) | 12 (18.2) | 10 (14.1) | 10 (13.5) |
| I—Low disability, low intensity | 18 (25.0) | 22 (33.3) | 23 (32.4) | 29 (39.2) |
| II—Low disability, high intensity | 22 (30.6) | 20 (30.3) | 16 (22.5) | 21 (28.4) |
| III—High disability, moderately limiting | 11 (15.3) | 8 (12.1) | 15 (21.1) | 8 (10.8) |
| IV—High disability, severely limiting | 7 (9.7) | 4 (6.1) | 7 (9.9) | 6 (8.1) |
| GHQ* | 3.0 (3.3) | 2.2 (3.4) | 2.6 (3.7) | 3.0 (3.7) |
| EQ-5D* | 0.63 (0.32) | 0.73 (0.24) | 0.71 (0.24) | 0.68 (0.24) |
| SF-36* (all 1–100)† | ||||
| General health | 56.2 (21.3) | 60.4 (20.1) | 59.9 (22.3) | 61.5 (23.3) |
| Physical function | 59.2 (31.9) | 66.9 (26.8) | 68.9 (25.9) | 68.3 (24.8) |
| Role physical | 59.7 (30.7) | 63.3 (27.0) | 62.9 (25.2) | 68.4 (29.3) |
| Vitality | 45.0 (22.1) | 50.6 (21.9) | 49.8 (20.0) | 49.2 (22.8) |
| Social function | 68.5 (28.2) | 74.8 (26.3) | 71.4 (26.1) | 76.2 (25.5) |
| Role emotional | 73.7 (27.3) | 76.5 (26.4) | 79.7 (23.2) | 74.1 (29.3) |
| Fatigue (0–42)* | 19.1 (7.3) | 17.8 (6.6) | 17.8 (5.8) | 17.6 (6.9) |
| VPMI* | ||||
| Passive coping (11–55) | 29.4 (8.9) | 25.8 (8.4) | 27.5 (8.8) | 25.3 (8.2) |
| Active coping (7–35) | 24.5 (4.6) | 25.2 (4.2) | 25.1 (3.3) | 25.8 (4.4) |
| Sleep scale*(0–20) | 9.7 (5.9) | 9.4 (6.0) | 8.8 (5.2) | 8.3 (6.0) |
| Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia*(17–68) | 36.2 (7.2) | 33.3 (5.7) | 34.1 (7.6) | 32.9 (7.8) |
Values are n (%) except * which are mean (SD).
†Bodily Pain scores not available due to printing error on questionnaire.
CPG, Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; SF-36, 36 item Short Form Health Questionnaire; TAU, treatment as usual; tCBT, telephone cognitive behavioural therapy; VPMI, Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory.