Summary data for individual tests
| Anatomical finding | Studies (imaging modality) | Sensitivity (95% CI), % | Specificity (95% CI), % | Positive likelihood ratio (95% CI) | Negative likelihood ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical interspinous bursitis | Salvarani et al36 (MRI) | 0.83 (0.55 to 0.95) | 0.69 (0.42 to 0.87) | 2.7 (1.2 to 6.4) | 0.24 (0.065 to 0.90) |
| Cervical interspinous bursitis, comparator no inflammation | Camellino et al25 (PET/CT) | 0.10 (0.05 to 0.19) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.00) | 13 (0.8 to 226) | 0.9 (0.91 to 0.99) |
| Lumbar interspinous bursitis | Salvarani et al37 (MRI) | 0.60 (0.31 to 0.83) | 0.91 (0.62 to 0.98) | 6.6 (1.0 to 46) | 0.4 (0.20 to 0.96) |
| Lumbar interspinous bursitis, comparator no inflammation | Camellino et al25 (PET/CT) | 0.46 (0.35 to 0.48) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.00) | 61 (3.8 to 977) | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.68) |
| Any interspinous bursitis | Yamashita et al35 (PET/CT) | 0.79 (0.52 to 0.92) | 0.82 (0.59 to 0.94) | 4.5 (1.5 to 13) | 0.26 (0.093 to 0.73) |
| Subacromial bursitis on at least one side | Cantini et al33 (USS) | 0.96 (0.88 to 0.99) | 0.78 (0.70 to 0.85) | 4.4 (3.1 to 6.2) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.18) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.70 (0.56 to 0.81) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.70) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.4) | 0.49 (0.31 to 0.77) | |
| Falsetti et al44 (USS) | 0.79 (0.62 to 0.90) | 0.59 (0.42 to 0.74) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.1) | 0.35 (0.16 to 0.75) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.65) | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.72) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.67 (0.53 to 0.85) | |
| Cantini et al33 (USS)* Frediani et al45 (USS) Falsetti et al44 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.80 (0.55 to 0.93) | 0.68 (0.60 to 0.75) | 2.5 (1.6 to 3.8) | 0.30 (0.11 to 0.81) | |
| Subacromial bursitis on at least one side: comparator RA | Salvarani et al48 (MRI) | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.00) | 0.75 (0.44 to 0.92) | 3.86 (1.3 to 11) | 0.05 (0.003 to 0.74) |
| Coari et al38 (USS) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.24) | 0.90 (0.84 to 0.94) | 0.95 (0.29 to 3.2) | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.1) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.65) | 0.72 (0.57 to 0.83) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.2) | 0.61 (0.46 to 0.80) | |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.86) | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.81) | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.8) | 0.40 (0.21 to 0.76) | |
| Subacromial bursitis on at least one side: comparator painful shoulder conditions | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.65) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.81) | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.9) | 0.63 (0.48 to 0.83) |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.55 (0.43 to 0.67) | 0.75 (0.63 to 0.84) | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.6) | 0.60 (0.44 to 0.82) | |
| Subacromial bursitis on both sides | Cantini et al33 (USS) | 0.93 (0.83 to 0.97) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.00) | 106 (15 to 747) | 0.07 (0.028 to 0.18) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.67) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.76) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5) | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.94) | |
| Falsetti et al44 (USS) | 0.69 (0.51 to 0.83) | 0.78 (0.61 to 0.89) | 3.2 (1.6 to 6.3) | 0.40 (0.22 to 0.70) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.32 (0.24 to 0.41) | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.92) | 2.6 (1.6 to 4.2) | 0.78 (0.68 to 0.89) | |
| Cantini et al33 (USS)* Frediani et al45 (USS) Falsetti et al44 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.66 (0.36 to 0.87) | 0.89 (0.66 to 0.97) | 6.2 (1.2 to 32) | 0.38 (0.15 to 0.97) | |
| Subacromial bursitis on both sides: comparator RA | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.32 (0.24 to 0.41) | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.88) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) | 0.87 (0.64 to 0.88) |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.37 (0.22 to 0.55) | 0.97 (0.83 to 0.99) | 11 (1.5 to 80) | 0.66 (0.83 to 0.99) | |
| Iliopsoas bursitis | Cantini et al34 (MRI) | 0.50 (0.30 to 0.70) | 0.80 (0.50 to 0.94) | 2.5 (0.67 to 9.3) | 0.63 (0.37 to 1.1) |
| Cantini et al34 (USS) | 0.30 (0.15 to 0.50) | 0.90 (0.77 to 0.96) | 3.0 (0.95 to 9.4) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.1) | |
| Iliopectineal (iliopsoas) bursitis, comparator RA | Takahashi et al24 | 0.59 (0.41 to 0.75) | 0.90 (0.60 to 0.98) | 5.9 (0.90 to 39) | 0.45 (0.28 to 0.75) |
| Ischiogluteal bursitis | Cantini et al34 (MRI) | 0.25 (0.11 to 0.47) | 0.90 (0.60 to 0.98) | 2.5 (0.34 to 19) | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.2) |
| Yamashita et al35 (PET/CT) | 0.86 (0.60 to 0.96) | 0.76 (0.53 to 0.90) | 3.6 (1.5 to 8.8) | 0.19 (0.05 to 0.69) | |
| Cantini et al34 (USS) | 0.20 (0.081 to 0.42) | 0.95 (0.84 to 0.99) | 4.0 (0.80 to 20) | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.1) | |
| Trochanteric bursitis on at least one side | Cantini et al34 (USS) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.00) | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.81) | 3.2 (2.0 to 5.1) | 0.03 (0.002 to 0.53) |
| Cantini et al34 (MRI) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.00) | 0.78 (0.48 to 0.93) | 4.3 (1.4 to 13) | 0.031 (0.002 to 0.49) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.21 (0.15 to 0.30) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.95) | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.5) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) | |
| Yamashita et al35 (PET/CT) | 0.71 (0.45 to 0.88) | 0.88 (0.66 to 0.97) | 6.1 (1.6 to 23) | 0.32 (0.14 to 0.76) | |
| Hand extracapsular: comparator RA | Marzo-Ortega et al13 (MRI) | 0.80 (0.49 to 0.94) | 0.80 (0.49 to 0.94) | 4.0 (1.1 to 14) | 0.25 (0.07 to 0.90) |
| Shoulder extracapsular: comparator RA | McGonagle et al12 (MRI) | 0.64 (0.39 to 0.84) | 0.86 (0.60 to 0.96) | 4.5 (1.2 to 17) | 0.42 (0.2 to 0.87) |
| Long head biceps tenosynovitis on at least one side | Cantini et al33 (USS) | 0.81 (0.70 to 0.89) | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.57) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 0.41 (0.23 to 0.72) |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.74) | 0.54 (0.46 to 0.61) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.8) | 0.63 (0.47 to 0.85) | |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.79) | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.68) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.2) | 0.54 (0.35 to 0.84) | |
| Long head biceps tenosynovitis on at least one side: comparator RA | Coari et al38 (USS) | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.32) | 0.48 (0.38 to 0.58) | 0.30 (0.13 to 0.69) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3) |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.74) | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.59) | 1.2 (0.89 to 1.6) | 0.76 (0.51 to 1.2) | |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.63 (0.46 to 0.78) | 0.57 (0.39 to 0.73) | 1.5 (0.89 to 2.4) | 0.65 (0.37 to 1.1) | |
| Lange et al46 (USS) | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.33) | 0.59 (0.41 to 0.74) | 0.33 (0.11 to 1.0) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | |
| Coari et al38 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) Ruta et al39 (USS) Lange et al46 (USS) | 0.37 (0.15 to 0.66) | 0.50 (0.43 to 0.57) | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.6) | 1.3 (0.80 to 2.0) | |
| Salvarani et al48 (MRI) | 0.47 (0.25 to 0.70) | 0.67 (0.35 to 0.88) | 1.4 (0.48 to 4.1) | 0.80 (0.41 to 1.6) | |
| Long head biceps tenosynovitis on at least one side: comparator painful shoulder conditions | Coari et al38 (USS) | 0.16 (0.069 to 0.32) | 0.45 (0.37 to 0.54) | 0.28 (0.13 to 0.65) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.4) |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.74) | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.72) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4) | 0.57 (0.40 to 0.80) | |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.47 (0.35 to 0.59) | 0.80 (0.68 to 0.88) | 2.3 (1.3 to 4.1) | 0.67 (0.51 to 0.87) | |
| Long head biceps tenosynovitis on both sides | Cantini et al33 (USS) | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.72) | 0.96 (0.90 to 0.98) | 15 (5.8 to 41) | 0.42 (0.30 to 0.58) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.38 (0.26 to 0.52) | 0.68 (0.58 to 0.76) | 1.2 (0.75 to 1.9) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.2) | |
| Falsetti et al44 (USS) | 0.62 (0.44 to 0.77) | 0.66 (0.48 to 0.80) | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.2) | 0.58 (0.34 to 0.98) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.37 (0.29 to 0.46) | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.80) | 1.4 (0.98 to 2.0) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.0) | |
| Cantini et al33 (USS) Frediani et al45 (USS) Falsetti et al44 (USS)* Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.47 (0.35 to 0.58) | 0.80 (0.61 to 0.91) | 2.4 (0.93 to 6.0) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.95) | |
| Long head biceps tenosynovitis on both sides: comparator RA | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.37 (0.29 to 0.46) | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.75) | 0.99 (0.63 to 1.5) | 1.0 (0.77 to 1.3) |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.48) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.00) | 19 (1.2 to 310) | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.90) | |
| Tenosynovitis of hand extensor tendons | Cimmino et al40 (MRI) | 0.67 (0.42 to 0.85) | 0.69 (0.42 to 0.87) | 2.2 (0.89 to 5.3) | 0.48 (0.22 to 1.1) |
| Glenohumeral synovitis on at least one side | Cantini et al33 (USS) | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.86) | 0.42 (0.33 to 0.51) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | 0.54 (0.32 to 0.92) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.66 (0.52 to 0.78) | 0.65 (0.55 to 0.73) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.6) | 0.52 (0.35 to 0.79) | |
| Falsetti et al44 (USS) | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.80) | 0.47 (0.31 to 0.64) | 1.2 (0.81 to 1.9) | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.4) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.48) | 0.71 (0.64 to 0.78) | 1.3 (0.96 to 1.9) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.0) | |
| Cantini et al33 (USS) Frediani et al45 (USS) Falsetti et al44 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.62 (0.46 to 0.76) | 0.58 (0.45 to 0.69) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.7) | 0.66 (0.50 to 9.9) | |
| Glenohumeral synovitis on at least one side: comparator RA | Lange et al46 (USS) | 0.41 (0.23 to 0.61) | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.53) | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.1) | 1.7 (0.93 to 3.2) |
| Coari et al38 (USS) | 0.66 (0.48 to 0.80) | 0.52 (0.42 to 0.62) | 1.4 (0.99 to 1.9) | 0.66 (0.39 to 1.1) | |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.37) | 0.57 (0.39 to 0.73) | 0.46 (0.20 o 1.1) | 1.4 (0.99 to 2.0) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.48) | 0.63 (0.49 to 0.75) | 1.1 (0.67 to 1.6) | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.3) | |
| Lange et al46 (USS)† Coari et al38 (USS)† Ruta et al39 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.41 (0.26 to 0.58) | 0.53 (0.45 to 0.62) | 0.88 (0.58 to 1.3) | 1.1 (0.82 to 1.5) | |
| Salvarani et al48 (MRI) | 0.77 (0.50 to 0.92) | 0.44 (0.19 to 0.73) | 1.4 (0.72 to 2.7) | 0.52 (0.15 to 1.8) | |
| Glenohumeral synovitis on at least one side: comparator painful shoulder conditions | Coari et al38 (USS) | 0.66 (0.48 to 080) | 0.77 (0.69 to 0.84) | 2.9 (1.9 to 4.3) | 0.45 (0.27 to 0.73) |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.48) | 0.76 (0.62 to 0.86) | 1.6 (0.92 to 2.8) | 0.81 (0.65 to 1.0) | |
| Ruta et al39 (USS) | 0.12 (0.058 to 0.22) | 0.93 (0.84 to 0.97) | 1.8 (0.54 to 5.7) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) | |
| Glenohumeral synovitis on both sides | Dasgupta et al15 | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.35) | 0.83 (0.76 to 0.88) | 1.5 (0.97 to 2.4) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.0) |
| Falsetti et al44 | 0.48 (0.31 to 0.66) | 0.66 (0.48 to 0.80) | 1.4 (0.76 to 2.6) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.2) | |
| Frediani et al45 | 0.52 (0.39 to 0.65) | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.85) | 2.4 (1.50 to 3.7) | 0.62 (0.45 to 0.84) | |
| Glenohumeral synovitis on both sides: comparator RA | Dasgupta et al15 | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.35) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.81) | 0.86 (0.50 to 1.5) | 1.1 (0.85 to 1.3) |
| Ruta et al39 | 0.03 (0.059 to 0.17) | 0.90 (0.74 to 0.97) | 0.33 (0.037 to 3.0) | 1.1 (0.94 to 1.2) | |
| Hip synovitis on at least one side | Cantini et al34 (USS) | 0.45 (0.25 to 0.66) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.69) | 1.0 (0.55 to 1.8) | 1.0 (0.62 to 1.6) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.40 (0.28 to 0.54) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.87) | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.6) | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.95) | |
| Falsetti et al44 (USS) | 0.24 (0.12 to 0.42) | 0.88 (0.72 to 0.95) | 1.9 (0.63 to 5.9) | 0.87 (0.68 to 1.1) | |
| Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.36) | 0.81 (0.73 to 0.87) | 1.4 (0.87 to 2.3) | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.0) | |
| Cantini et al34 (USS) Frediani et al45 (USS) Falsetti et al44 (USS) Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.43) | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.87) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97) | |
| Cantini et al34 (MRI) | 0.85 (0.64 to 0.95) | 0.50 (0.24 to 0.76) | 1.7 (0.89 to 3.2) | 0.30 (0.089 to 1.0) | |
| Yamashita et al35 (PET/CT) | 0.86 (0.60 to 0.96) | 0.65 (0.41 to 0.83) | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.8) | 0.22 (0.058 to 0.84) | |
| Hip synovitis on both sides | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.26) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.95) | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.3) | 0.90 (0.81 to 1.0) |
| Frediani et al45 (USS) | 0.32 (0.21 to 0.46) | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.89) | 1.88 (1.0 to 3.4) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.0) | |
| Shoulder region uptake | Yamashita et al35 (PET/CT) | 0.86 (0.60 to 0.96) | 0.29 (0.13 to 0.53) | 1.2 (0.84 to 1.8) | 0.49 (0.11 to 2.1) |
| Bilateral shoulder region inflammation | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.68) | 0.57 (0.49 to 0.65) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.92) |
| Macchioni et al23 (USS) | 0.45 (0.39 to 0.51) | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.72) | 1.1 (0.79 to 1.6) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.2) | |
| Bilateral shoulder region inflammation: comparator painful shoulder conditions | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.68) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.85) | 2.3 (1.4 to 3.9) | 0.55 (0.42 to 0.72) |
| Bilateral shoulder region inflammation: comparator RA | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.68) | 0.35 (0.23 to 0.49) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.2) | 1.2 (0.75 to 1.8) |
| Macchioni 2013 (USS | 0.56 (0.49 to 0.63) | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.85) | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.7) | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.76) | |
| Hip region inflammation: comparator RA | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.38 (0.30 to 0.47) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.81) | 1.3 (0.77 to 2.1) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.1) |
| Hip region inflammation: comparator painful shoulder conditions | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.38 (0.30 to 0.47) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.91) | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.4) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) |
| One shoulder and one hip region inflammation | Dasgupta et al15 (USS) | 0.33 (0.26 to 0.42) | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.89) | 2.1 (1.3 to 3.2) | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.92) |
| Macchioni et al23 (USS) | 0.34 (0.27 to 0.41) | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.85) | 1.5 (0.97 to 2.3) | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.0) |
Note these are reported to 2 significant figures but note CIs are often wide. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio are given for individual tests or, where possible, a summary value is calculated by meta-analysis. Sensitivity and specificity are given to two decimal places. Likelihood ratios are given to two significant figures unless <0.1 or >10.
*Outlier by visual inspection of HsROC.
†Influential outlier (Cooks’ distance >3). “Shoulder region inflammation”, “hip region inflammation” are defined as per ACR/EULAR provisional classification criteria for PMR.15
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; EULAR, the European League Against Rheumatism; HsROC, Hierarchial Summary Receiver-Operator Characteristic Curve; PMR, polymyalgia rheumatica.