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Abstract
Objectives Persons at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) might benefit from a low-risk pharmacological intervention aimed at primary prevention. Previous studies demonstrated disease-modifying effects of statins in patients with RA as well as an association between statin use and a decreased risk of RA development. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated whether atorvastatin could prevent arthritis development in high-risk individuals.
Methods Arthralgia patients with anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) >3 xULN or ACPA and rheumatoid factor, without (a history of) arthritis, were randomised to receive atorvastatin 40 mg daily or placebo for 3 years. The calculated sample size was 220 participants. The primary endpoint was clinical arthritis. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the effect of atorvastatin on arthritis development.
Results Due to a low inclusion rate, mainly because of an unwillingness to participate, the trial was prematurely stopped. Data of the 62 randomised individuals were analysed. Median follow-up was 14 (inner quartiles 6–35) months. Fifteen individuals (24%) developed arthritis: 9/31 (29%) in the atorvastatin group; 6/31 (19%) in the placebo group: HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.50 to 3.95.
Conclusions In this small set of randomised high-risk individuals, we did not demonstrate a protective effect of atorvastatin on arthritis development. The main reason for the low inclusion was unwillingness to participate; this may also impede other RA prevention trials. Further research to investigate and solve barriers for prevention trial participation is needed.
- rheumatoid arthritis
- therapeutics
- anti-inflammatory agents
- non-steroidal
- arthritis
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Key messages
What is already known about this subject?
Previous studies demonstrated disease-modifying effects of statins in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as an association between statin use and a decreased risk of RA development.
What does this study add?
The current study of atorvastatin to prevent RA was underpowered and results are inconclusive.
Unwillingness to participate in RA prevention trials is a major problem, as is also noted in other completed and ongoing RA prevention trials.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
To better understand the recruitment challenge, and to devise strategies to overcome this problem, studies are needed to further investigate and solve barriers for RA prevention trial participation.
Introduction
Individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) might benefit from a pharmacological intervention aimed at primary prevention. The opportunity for preventive intervention is provided by the recognition of a preclinical or at-risk phase in RA: a period of disease development before clinical arthritis onset, where characteristic symptoms and biomarkers are often already present.1 Using such characteristics, high-risk individuals for preventive intervention trials can be identified.2
The lower inflammatory burden in the preclinical versus the early arthritis phase of RA may allow inhibition of disease development with less potent medication. Moreover, due to the inherent risk of overtreatment in the at-risk stage, a relatively non-toxic and easy to administer drug would be preferred. Statins are safe and widely used lipid-lowering agents that also have anti-inflammatory properties including suppression of dendritic cell maturation, induction of suppressor regulatory T cells, and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine release.3 Statins were demonstrated to have disease modifying effects in RA, including decreased inflammatory parameters and improved disease activity scores.4 On the population level an association between statin use and a decreased risk of RA development has been demonstrated5 6 and statins showed protective effects in murine RA models.7 8 Additionally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common comorbid condition in RA9 and the increased CVD risk is already present at the time of RA diagnosis,10–12 strengthening the rationale for exploring statins as a potential tool for RA prevention. Therefore, we designed a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether atorvastatin 40 mg per day for 3 years could prevent arthritis development in individuals at high risk of RA (STAtins to Prevent Rheumatoid Arthritis (STAPRA) trial: trialregister.nl, NTR5265).
Methods
Consecutive arthralgia patients aged ≥18 years old at high risk of RA, defined by anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) >3 x the upper limit of normal (≥21 kU/L) or both ACPA (≥7 kU/L) and rheumatoid factor (RF;≥5 kU/L), with no history of clinically diagnosed arthritis, were recruited at five rheumatology clinics across the Netherlands between November 2015 and January 2019. The study protocol is shown in online supplemental file 1. The sample size was set at 220, based on an expected RA risk of 55% within 3 years2 5 ; a risk reduction of 21%5 ; a two-sided 5% level of confidence (p<0.05); 80% power and a 10% attrition rate. The primary outcome was clinical arthritis development, defined as ≥1 swollen joint (swollen joint count of 44 joints) as observed by two independent investigators. The secondary outcome was fulfilment of the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA. Baseline characteristics were explored with descriptive statistics. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the effect of atorvastatin on arthritis development. Primary analysis was by intention-to-treat (ITT), second, a per-protocol (PP) analysis was performed.
Supplemental material
Results
The trial suffered severe difficulties with patient inclusion, mainly due to an unwillingness to participate. The main reasons were unwillingness to use study medication and the perceived high study burden. In total, 175 eligible at-risk individuals were identified, of whom 108 declined participation (figure 1). Inclusion was stopped prematurely after 39 months due to the low inclusion rate. Four patients were ineligible at screening, and 1 withdrew participation before randomisation; 62 individuals were randomised. Baseline characteristics of the atorvastatin group (n=31) and the placebo group (n=31) are shown in table 1. Study protocol adherence is shown in figure 1. Numerically more patients dropped out in the placebo group (atorvastatin: 19%, placebo: 36%, p=0.16), groups were similar regarding median follow-up (atorvastatin: 17 (IQR 6–28) months, placebo: 14 (5–36) months, p=0.70) and duration of medication use (8 (5–26) months and 8 (3–17) months, respectively, p=0.52). One participant dropped out and two participants stopped trial medication prematurely for medical reasons (diagnosed psoriasis, chronic ALT elevation and psychiatric diagnosis, respectively), all others did so on their own initiative. The main reason for drop-out and discontinuation of study medication was perceived side effects, most commonly muscle pains or cramps (37% of all reported side effects, n=10 in both groups). In total, there were 48 adverse events in the atorvastatin arm (49%) and 49 in the placebo arm (51%; online supplemental file 2).
Supplemental material
STAPRA study flow chart. STAPRA, STAtins to Prevent Rheumatoid Arthritis.
STAPRA study baseline characteristics
Fifteen individuals (24%) developed arthritis: 9/31 (29%) in the atorvastatin group and 6/31 (19%) in the placebo group, after a median period of 9 (6-27) months and 4 (0–15) months, respectively. The arthritis-free survival plot is shown in figure 2. No significant difference in arthritis development or time until arthritis was observed between groups: ITT analysis: HR 1.40 (95% CI 0.50 to 3.95); PP analysis: HR 1.19 (95% CI 0.38 to 3.76). Fourteen individuals fulfilled the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA: 8 (26%) in the atorvastatin group and 6 (19%) in the placebo group: ITT analyses HR 1.26 (95% CI 0.44 to 3.63).
Kaplan-Meier arthritis-free survival curves of atorvastatin and placebo groups by intention-to-treat analysis.
Discussion
In this small set of randomised patients, we failed to demonstrate a protective effect of atorvastatin on arthritis development in high-risk individuals. In fact, placebo patients were numerically better off. However, we failed to achieve the required sample size: the number of at-risk individuals willing to participate was much lower than expected. Of all eligible individuals, 62% declined participation. An unwillingness to use trial medication (58%) or a perceived high study burden (23%) were the most frequently mentioned reasons. In addition we experienced a high drop-out rate, mainly due to side effects, of which muscle symptoms were the most frequently mentioned. These side effects occurred equally in both groups, confirming previous research showing the nocebo effect of statins.13
The STAPRA trial design was based on large population studies showing protective effects of statin use on RA development.5 6 Since then, other studies on statin use and RA development produced conflicting results,14–17 partly due to selection bias and confounding. Unfortunately, our trial cannot resolve the issue.
The unwillingness to participate in the current trial is in line with the experience in other completed (testing dexamethasone; rituximab) and ongoing (testing abatacept; hydroxychloroquine) RA prevention trials, some needing up to 5 years to achieve their recruitment aims18–20 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02603146). It contrasts with the relative ease with which early RA trials recruit patients. It may be that the perceived urgency and preferences of individuals regarding treatment are inadequately addressed in the prevention trials, but successful completion of such trials is crucial for progress in the field of RA prevention. Therefore, the recruitment difficulties in prevention trials need urgent attention: barriers for participation need to be explored and addressed.
Conclusions
This inconclusive trial of a low impact intervention to prevent RA highlights recruitment and retention issues. Such issues must be resolved for RA prevention to move forward.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
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Contributors DvS, MTN, MvB-T, AVS and ST designed the study. LvB, ST, MB, WB, DM, ENG, MS-K and CDP contributed to data collection. LvB, MvB-T, MTN and DvS contributed to data analyses and interpretation. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for submission. Shared last authorship MTN and DvS.
Funding This study was funded by the Dutch Arthritis Society, grant number 13-1-501.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines and approved by the institutional review boards of each centre involved and the ethics committee of the Slotervaart Hospital and Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (NL47550.048.13).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.