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Rheumatoid arthritis
Original article
Comparative effect of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors versus other biological agents on cardiovascular risk-associated biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Alexandre Virone1,
  2. Jean-Philippe Bastard2,3,
  3. Soraya Fellahi2,3,
  4. Jacqueline Capeau3,
  5. Stéphanie Rouanet4,
  6. Jean Sibilia5,
  7. Philippe Ravaud6,
  8. Francis Berenbaum1,3,
  9. Jacques-Eric Gottenberg5 and
  10. Jérémie Sellam1,3
  11. on behalf of Club Rhumatismes Inflammation-IMIDIATE network
  1. 1Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
  2. 2Biochemistry Department, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris, France
  3. 3Faculty of Medicine Sorbonne Université, CRSA INSERM UMRS_938, Paris, France
  4. 4StatEthic, Levallois-Perret, France
  5. 5Rheumatology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
  6. 6Epidemiology and Statistics Research Centre, Inserm UMR 1153, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jérémie Sellam; jeremie.sellam{at}aphp.fr

Abstract

Background To comparatively investigate the differential effect of second-line tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) versus other biological agents on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-associated biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods We evaluated the serum levels of lipoprotein-associated apoproteins ApoA1 and ApoB100 and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and the leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) as an insulin resistance proxy in patients with RA from the Rotation Or Change (ROC) trial treated with either a second-line TNFi or another biologic (tocilizumab (TCZ), rituximab or abatacept) at baseline and week 24. We compared the changes in biomarker levels in each group and according to the EULAR response.

Results Of the 300 patients enrolled in the ROC trial, 203 were included in the study, including 96 in the second-line TNFi group and 107 in the other biological group. The measured biomarkers did not deteriorate between baseline and week 24 regardless of the group. A greater improvement in the LAR was noted in the other biological group (median (IQR) −0.12 ng/µg (−0.58 to 0.31) vs 0.04 (−0.19 to 0.43), p=0.033), and a greater improvement in the Lp(a) level was observed following treatment with TCZ than with a TNFi (−0.05 g/L (−0.11 to −0.01) vs −0.01 g/L (−0.02 to 0.01), p<0.001). When considering the patients’ responses to treatment, improved biomarkers were mainly observed in the EULAR responders in each treatment group.

Conclusions TNFis and non-TNFis were neutral on improved CVD risk-associated biomarkers in patients with RA insufficiently controlled by TNFis. TCZ could be associated with a better improvement concerning Lp(a) and LAR than TNFis. This improvement could be related to a good therapeutic response, thereby supporting the need of good control of RA.

Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01000441, registered on 22 October 2009.

  • cardiovascular risk
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • biological agents
  • adipokine
  • apolipoprotein

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000897

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    Key messages

    What is already known about this subject?

    • Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) and non-TNFi improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-associated biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

    What does this study add?

    • TNFi and non-TNFi, including tocilizumab, have a similar impact on improving CVD risk-associated biomarkers.

    • The improvement of biomarkers seems to be driven by the responders to therapy.

    How might this impact on clinical practice?

    • In addition to routine lipid assessment such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, the measure of other cardiovascular surrogates could improve the evaluation of CVD risk profile of patients with RA.

    Background

    Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) present a 48% increased risk of incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) compared with the general population.1 2 This increased risk can be explained by a higher prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors (ie, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and hypertension)3 or the systemic low-grade chronic inflammation that is directly involved in the pathophysiology of atherogenesis.4

    The estimation of CVD risk is usually based on the levels of traditional lipid parameters5 (ie, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides). However, these levels are impacted by the inflammatory state of patients with RA, and some of these parameters such as triglycerides level are also impacted by the non-fasted state.6 7 Apolipoproteins (Apo) are protein components of circulating lipoproteins and are additional reliable markers of CVD risk. ApoA1 is a major protein component of the cardioprotective HDL, which is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, and an increase in HDL is associated with a decreased CVD risk. Conversely, an increased level of ApoB100, which is the main protein component of very LDL, LDL and intermediate density lipoprotein, is associated with an elevated CVD risk. Apo markers and their ratio (ApoB100/ApoA1) may be considered better predictors of the CVD risk than LDL cholesterol8 9 or the LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and may also accurately assess the cardiovascular (CV) risk for patients with RA.10 Blood level assessment of the LDL-like particle lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) also accurately estimates the CVD risk. The Lp(a) particle is composed of one molecule of an LDL particle and a protein component named Apo(a). Its exact function is still debated but it may contribute to the transportation of LDL particle, especially oxidised LDL. The level of Lp(a) is independently associated with CVD risk and is an accurate surrogate to estimate CVD risk beside total, LDL and HDL cholesterol.11 Additionally, the CVD risk can be linked to the levels of some adipokines that are adipose tissue-specific products. Among them, leptin and adiponectin are pro-atherogenous and anti-atherogenous, respectively.12 13 Interestingly, the leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR) is an accurate proxy for insulin resistance,14 which is associated with an enhanced risk of CVD. All these CVD risk-associated biomarkers are associated with atherogenicity and can be used as a proxy to assess CVD risk among patients with RA.

    Due to their strong anti-inflammatory effects, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) may impact the CVD outcome in patients with RA. Several studies have shown that tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) are responsible for a reduction in myocardial infarction occurrence15 and an improvement in the lipid and Apo profiles.16 17 Conversely, data regarding non-TNFi bDMARDs are scarce or conflicting. Tocilizumab (TCZ), which is an anti-interleukin 6 receptor, may in some cases increase the pro-atherogenous lipid fraction levels (ie, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides) and improve protective CVD risk-associated surrogate markers (ie, decreased oxidised LDL, decreased HDL-associated serum amyloid-A and increased ApoA1) over time.18–20 However, the long-term effect of TCZ on CVD occurrence is not clear, but some recent observational studies seem reassuring.21 22 Few and conflicting results are available concerning the impact of rituximab (RTX) and abatacept (ABA) on lipid profiles and the CVD risk,23–26 with a trend to a positive effect of ABA on occurrence of CVD compared with TNFi.22 Because the different RA biologics affect lipid levels to different extents, partially in relation to decreased inflammation, using lipid levels as CVD risk biomarkers is difficult. Thus, the validation of other CVD risk biomarkers is important for the follow-up of patients with RA.

    Moreover, most studies have not performed a direct comparison of the respective effects of the different bDMARDs (TNFis vs non-TNFis) on the CV risk-associated biomarker profiles of patients with RA. Only Gabay et al27 compared first-line treatment with biologics (ie, one TNFi (adalimumab) vs TCZ) and showed a greater increase in the LDL and HDL cholesterol levels and a greater improvement in other CV risk-associated biomarkers (ie, HDL-associated serum amyloid-A, secretory phospholipase A2 IIA and Lp(a)) under TCZ therapy. A face-to-face TCZ monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy comparison does not reflect accurately the real-life practice since we have more choice than these two agents in the daily care and most of the time we combined them with methotrexate.

    Thus, we assessed the changes in CVD risk-associated biomarker levels between TNFi and non-TNFi bDMARDs and according to the response to therapy.

    Patients and methods

    Patients

    This study is an ancillary study of the randomised controlled Rotation or Change (ROC) trial.28 The ROC trial was a 52-week, multicentre, open, parallel-group trial that was conducted from December 2009 to August 2012. The trial included patients with RA fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria who were at least 18 years old and had an inadequate response to a first-line TNFi therapy. The trial participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a second-line TNFi (etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab or infliximab) or a non-TNF-targeted biological agent (RTX, TCZ or ABA); these biologics were administered at their licensed dosages (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01000441). Patients had to present erosions or a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using an erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥3.2, an insufficient response to TNFis according to the physician, a stable dose of a daily oral equivalent of prednisone ≤15 mg within 4 weeks before enrolment and a stable dose of synthetic DMARDs within 4 weeks of enrolment. The choice of the drug within the randomisation group was at the clinician’s discretion. A blood sample was collected at inclusion and at week 24 at a non-fasting state. Patients achieving a good or moderate EULAR response29 at week 24 were considered responders, whereas patients who did not achieve a good or moderate response were considered non-responders. Details about the protocols were reported in the main ROC trial publication.28 The institutional review board of the Comité de Protection des Personnes-Est-1, Strasbourg, France, approved the study and all patients provided written informed consent after receiving oral and written information.

    For this ancillary study, patients from the ROC trial were included if: (1) both blood samples were available at inclusion and week 24, (2) there were no discontinuations of the treatment and (3) the patients were under the same drug regimen from inclusion to week 24. No sample size calculation was performed since it is an ancillary exploratory study based on serum samples availability.

    Biomarker assessment

    A blood sample was drawn at inclusion and at week 24. Serum samples were stored at −80°C in a single biological resource centre. All samples were collected in the morning but since not all were obtained when the patients were in a fasted state, we used immunoturbidimetry on an ARCHITECT-Ci8200 analyser (Abbott Rungis, France) to measure the serum ApoA1, ApoB100 and Lp(a) levels, which do not change according to the fasted or non-fasted state. ELISA kits were used to test the serum levels of total adiponectin (ALPCO, Salem, New Hampshire, USA) and leptin (Quantikine; R&D Systems, Oxford, UK).

    All samples were prepared at appropriate dilutions and assessed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the adipokine assessment, internal control samples supplied by the manufacturer were used.

    Statistical analyses

    All statistical analyses involved the use of the SAS release 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) statistical software package. Type I error was set at α=0.05. Continuous data are shown as the median and IQR. The comparison of population characteristics between the second-line TNFi and the other biological groups involved the χ2 test, Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon test. We compared the change of each marker between the different treatment groups using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model adjusted for baseline-investigated laboratory parameters and the treatment group. The comparisons of the changes in each marker between inclusion and week 24 were analysed with the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Student’s t-test, and the comparisons of changes in each marker according to the EULAR response were analysed with an ANCOVA model. A comparison between TNFi and TCZ was also done.

    Results

    Patient characteristics

    Of the 300 patients included in the ROC trial at baseline, 203 patients were investigated in this ancillary study. Of these patients, the 96 patients (47.3%) in the second-line TNFi group included 41 receiving etanercept (42.7%), 40 receiving adalimumab (41.7%), 12 receiving certolizumab (12.5%) and 3 receiving infliximab (3.1%). Additionally, 107 (52.7%) patients received other biological non-TNF-targeted agents, including 47 receiving TCZ (43.9%), 34 receiving RTX (31.8%) and 26 receiving ABA (24.3%). The baseline characteristics were similar between the two treatment groups (table 1) and between the patients participating and not participating in our study (data not shown). In patients receiving corticosteroid treatment, the daily dose at baseline was similar between second TNFi and other biologic (median dose in milligram (IQR): 6 (5–8) vs 6.5 (4.75–9.25), p=0.99), respectively. Similar result was observed at week 24 (median dose in milligram (IQR): 5 (4–8) for second TNFi vs 5.25 (4.75–9.25) for other biologic, p=0.66). Moreover, corticosteroid dose did not change significantly between baseline and week 24 in each treatment group: 6 (5–8) vs 5 (4–8), p=0.65 for second TNFi and 6.5 (4.75–9.25) vs 5.25 (4.75–9.25), p=0.98 for other biologic.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Baseline characteristics of the population

    Changes in CVD risk-associated biomarker levels between baseline and week 24 in each treatment group

    In the second-line TNFi group, the ApoA1 levels were significantly increased (median (IQR): 0.03 g/L (−0.12 to 0.16), p<0.001). No significant differences were found for changes in any of the other biomarkers.

    In the other biological group, the ApoA1 level was significantly increased (0.0001 g/L (−0.13 to 0.24), p<0.001), and the Lp(a) level was significantly decreased (−0.01 g/L (−0.05 to 0.01), p=0.017). All the other biomarkers remained stable over time. Notably, we observed a trend for the deterioration of the ApoB100 level (ie, an increase) of 0.04 g/L ((−0.07 to 0.12), p=0.072), but the ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio remained stable (0.01 (−0.07 to 0.08), p=0.734). The results are summarised in table 2.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Biomarkers’ change from baseline to week 24 between the second TNFi and other biological groups

    Moreover, in the other biological group, the increase in ApoA1 and decrease in Lp(a) were mainly related to TCZ treatment (0.06 g/L (−0.07 to 0.27), p<0.001 and −0.05 g/L (−0.11 to −0.01), p<0.001, respectively). The serum adiponectin level was also increased (0.46 mg/L (−0.43 to 1.33), p=0.024) following TCZ therapy. The other markers remained stable in the TCZ group between baseline and week 24 (table 3), and the ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio did not significantly change (0.01 (−0.07 to 0.09), p=0.97).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Biomarkers’ change from baseline to week 24 between the second TNFi and tocilizumab groups

    Comparison of changes in CVD risk-associated biomarker levels between treatment groups from baseline to week 24

    When the other biological group was compared with the second-line TNFi group, worsening (ie, increase) of ApoB100 was noted (the results are shown as the median per cent of change (IQR) in each group) (3.49% (−5.26% to 11.83%) vs −1.2% (−9.35% to 7.45%), p=0.037), but an improvement was observed for LAR (ie, decrease) (−9.74% (−30.23% to 27.67%) vs 3.64% (−17.91% to 36.14%), p=0.033). The results are summarised in table 2. No significant differences were found in the other biomarkers between the two groups, although a trend was observed for a greater effect of the treatment with the other biologics versus TNFi on the Lp(a) level (−0.01 g/L (−0.05 to 0.01) vs −0.005 g/L (−0.02 to 0.01), p=0.051).

    The comparison between the second-line TNFi and TCZ groups indicated a greater treatment effect in the TCZ group, with a much higher decrease in the Lp(a) level (−28.57% (−44% to −1.28%) vs −1.72% (−22.7% to 8.62%), p<0.001) (results are summarised in table 3). Differences regarding the other biomarkers were not significant, although a trend for a greater deterioration (ie, increase) in the ApoB100 level was observed (6.67% (−13.46% to 17.12%) vs −1.2% (−9.35% to 7.45%), p=0.051). Conversely to the comparison between TNFi and other biologics, there was no difference of LAR change between TNFi and TCZ.

    Comparison of changes in the CV-associated biomarker levels between baseline and week 24 according to the EULAR response

    All results are reported in table 4. Changes from baseline to week 24 were also assessed relative to the treatment efficacy, which was evaluated using the EULAR response at week 24. In the second-line TNFi group, we observed better improvement of the serum ApoA1 and adiponectin levels among responders compared with non-responders between baseline and week 24 (0.09 g/L (−0.05 to 0.21) vs −0.08 g/L (−0.19 to 0.04), p<0.001 and 0.17 mg/L (−0.29 to 0.93) vs −0.3 mg/L (−1.2 to 0.32), p=0.01, respectively). The responders also exhibited an improved ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio over time (−0.03 (−0.09 to 0.04), p=0.034), but this improvement was not significant when compared with the non-responders. The other biomarker changes were not driven by the EULAR response in the second-line TNFi group.

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Changes between baseline and week 24 relative to the EULAR response

    In the other biological therapy group, the ApoA1 and Lp(a) levels improved (ie, increased for ApoA1 and decreased for Lp(a)) among the responders but deteriorated among the non-responders (0.06 g/L (−0.07 to 0.26) vs −0.05 g/L (−0.19 to 0.1), p=0.02 for ApoA1 and −0.01 g/L (−0.06 to 0.01) vs 0.0001 g/L (−0.02 to 0.04), p=0.003 for Lp(a)).

    The EULAR response also had an impact in the TCZ group, since there was a greater improvement of the ApoA1 (0.125 g/L (−0.06 to 0.31) vs −0.18 g/L (−0.27 to −0.05), p=0.032) and adiponectin levels (0.51 mg/L (−0.25 to 1.57) vs −1.05 mg/L (−1.54 to −0.43), p=0.035) in the responders versus the non-responders. The ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio remained stable among the responders but deteriorated (ie, increased) among the non-responders (0.0001 (−0.07 to 0.08) vs 0.12 (0.05 to 0.13), p=0.032). The other biomarkers did not vary between the responders and non-responders.

    Discussion

    This study directly compared the effect of second-line bDMARDs (TNFis and non-TNFis) on CVD risk-associated biomarkers in patients with RA insufficiently controlled by a first-line TNFi. First, we showed that all assessed biomarkers remained stable or improved regardless of the treatment group (TNFi or non-TNFi). The ApoA1 levels improved in both groups (TNFi and other biological groups), and the Lp(a) levels improved in the non-TNFi group. This improvement in the ApoA1 and Lp(a) levels in the other biological group was mainly drived by TCZ. Moreover, comparison of biomarker changes between the TNFi and other biological groups showed a greater decrease in the LAR but also a trend for a greater increase in the pro-atherogenic ApoB100 level in the other biological group. The comparison between TNFi and TCZ indicated a greater decrease in the pro-atherogenic Lp(a) level with TCZ than with a TNFi. Finally, some changes in marker levels were dependent on the clinical response to the biological agent.

    CVD risk is a major issue in the management of patients with RA, but the effect of non-TNFi agents on the incidence of CVD events is not known. To evaluate the CVD risk, we used surrogate circulating biomarkers, since the effect of different bDMARDs on these biomarkers has not been directly compared.

    To the best of our knowledge, only one randomised controlled study has directly compared the effect of different first-line bDMARDs on CVD risk-associated biomarkers between 162 monotherapy TCZ-treated patients and 162 monotherapy adalimumab-treated patients.27 A greater decrease in pro-atherogenic markers, such as HDL-associated serum amyloid-A (HDL-SAA), secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2 IIA) and Lp(a), was observed between inclusion and week 8 for TCZ compared with that in the adalimumab group. A trend for a better improvement of theses biomarkers (Lp(a), HDL-SAA and sPLA2 IIA) among the responders was observed in both groups, but statistical significance was not reached. However, TCZ and adalimumab were given as monotherapy without methotrexate and these two arms do not reflect the choice that we have in clinical practice among several biological agents.

    Our results highlight the absence of aggravation of the different CVD risk-associated biomarkers tested through the 6 months of treatment regardless of the therapeutic agent used (TNFi or non-TNFi). The results obtained for the TNFi group are consistent with data reported in the literature, with an increase in the ApoA1 level and a stable ApoB100 level after TNFi treatment.17 These improvements could be linked to the treatment response, since non-responders did not seem to improve their Apo profiles in a 1-year follow-up of 292 etanercept-treated patients.16 Regarding non-TNFi therapeutic agents, we observed a global improvement in biomarkers, with statistical significance for ApoA1 (increase) and Lp(a) (decrease). Some concerns have been reported regarding the CVD risk within this group for TCZ. Here, we show a positive effect on surrogate markers of atherogenicity as their circulating levels decline, with significant increase in ApoA1 level and decrease in Lp(a) levels. However, we noted a non-significant trend for ApoB100 level degradation (ie, increase) over time in both the other biological and TCZ groups. These overall observations of the impact of TCZ on the CVD risk are reassuring. Moreover, clinical evidences supporting that observation begin to be compiled. For example, a cohort study of patients with RA previously treated with TNFi or ABA or tofacitinib who newly start TCZ or TNFi showed no increased CV event occurrence among patients with RA under TCZ versus TNFi with a combined HR of 0.84 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.26).30 Another cohort study confirmed the equivalent impact on CV events incidence of TCZ and TNFi (etanercept).31 However, these results need to be confirmed by randomised studies with clinical CVD outcomes, such as the ENTRACTE study (NCT01331837); the preliminary results of that study do not highlight a difference in major adverse CV events between TCZ and etanercept-treated patients.32

    No statistical analyses were performed regarding RTX and ABA, since few patients were treated with these drugs. We observed a numerical improvement of ApoA1, leptin and LAR levels under RTX (data not shown), but such results need to be confirmed in a larger sample.

    Regarding the comparison of the effects of each treatment on CVD risk-associated biomarker profiles, our results show that non-TNFi has an impact on decreasing CVD risk-associated biomarkers that is at least equivalent to or higher than the effect of TNFi. Since TNFi has positive outcomes on the incidence of CVD events,15 we can extrapolate results concerning biomarkers and infer that non-TNFi agents should also have a positive effect on the CVD event incidence, as suggested recently for TCZ.32 Focusing on the effect of TCZ, we showed a greater improvement (ie, decrease) of the surrogate marker of atherogenicity Lp(a) levels compared with TNFi therapy. Moreover, TCZ has a global comparable effect on other biomarkers, with the exception of a non-significant trend for the deterioration of (increase in) the ApoB100 levels. This finding was consistent with the results obtained by Gabay et al,27 with a greater improvement of CVD risk-associated biomarkers under TCZ than adalimumab. A recent prospective RA cohort study focusing on Lp(a) change under TNFi, TCZ, other biotherapies (RTX and ABA) or without biotherapy showed that patients under biotherapy decreased their Lp(a) levels compared with those without biotherapy, but significant difference was reached only for TCZ-treated patients while they had higher total cholesterol and triglycerides plasma concentration.33 This suggests that the impact of TCZ on the CVD incidence may be at least equivalent to the impact of TNFis. Such a result is reassuring for the use of TCZ in patients with RA with CV risk factors.

    Improvement of CVD risk-associated biomarker profiles during the course of RA despite elevation of the routinely assessed lipid parameters (LDL, HDL and total cholesterol) could be explained by the direct anti-inflammatory effect of the treatment. Indeed, inflammation affects the expression of numerous enzymes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism, leading to disturbances in the metabolic profile.34 Our results demonstrate that patients responsive to therapy have greater improvements in their biomarker profiles. The response to treatment is related to control of inflammation by the drug. A recent study underlined the role of RA flares and the cumulative RA severity burden exposure on the CVD risk, since patients with RA in remission had similar CVD risks to non-RA subjects and since the CVD risk per time spent in each acute flare vs remission was increased.35

    However, the response to treatment in the Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA) study27 did not influence the change in CVD risk-associated biomarkers. This discrepancy between the ADACTA and ROC metabolic studies may be related to several differences in the study designs as follows: (1) the line of treatment, since patients experienced their second line of bDMARD therapy in our study and the first line of the treatment in the ADACTA study36 ; (2) the exposure to treatment (24 weeks vs 8 weeks in ADACTA), suggesting that some patients may need a longer drug exposure to improve their CVD risk-associated biomarker profiles and (3) the prescription of methotrexate in association with bDMARDs in our study, whereas TCZ and adalimumab were administered as monotherapies in the ADACTA study. Interestingly, methotrexate therapy also influences lipid profiles with an effect similar to bDMARDs37 38 and can potentiate the impact of bDMARDs on CVD risk-associated biomarkers in a combination regimen.

    We acknowledge some limitations of our study. First, the blood samples were not drawn in the fasted state, which limited analysis of the routine lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides). However, this ancillary study of a pragmatic trial reflects the daily life care of patients with RA.39 Furthermore, we evaluated circulating levels of validated biomarkers undisturbed by the non-fasted state of the patient; this approach is more feasible for assessment in daily practice and has been widely used in large cardiology studies.8 40 The effect of steroid prescription on biomarker changes has not been analysed to avoid multiple additional statistical analyses and because there was no difference in term of week 0 to week 24 steroid sparing effect between anti-TNF and other biological groups. Second, the heterogeneity of the sizes of the groups did not allow us to properly evaluate the impact of RTX and ABA on biomarkers in comparison to TNFis, but our current main focus was on TCZ given to a sample size of patients, sufficient to perform robust analyses. Third, the slight improvement of these surrogate of CVD biomarkers suggests but does not imply a decrease of CVD occurrence in practice. Only long-term large study dedicated to this aim will answer to this question.

    Conclusions

    In conclusion, when there is an inadequate response to a first-line TNFi therapy in active RA, TNFi and non-TNFi therapies improve CVD risk-associated circulating biomarkers, which are surrogate markers of atherogenicity. Non-TNFi biological agents seem to have a slightly better effect on the LAR and Lp(a) than a TNFi: such a positive effect could be driven by TCZ. The improvement of some biomarkers seems to be driven by the responders to therapy and may reflect the reduction of inflammation due to the treatment. This latter result suggests that achieving good control of the disease could be the goal to control CV risk in patients with RA. In addition to routine lipid assessment such as total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, the measure of other CV surrogates could improve the evaluation of CVD risk profile of patients with RA.

    Acknowledgments

    The authors thank all patients for participating in this study and all investigators who included patients in the ROC study: Olivier Brocq, MD; Aleth Perdriger, MD; Slim Lassoued, MD; Jean-Marie Berthelot, MD; Daniel Wendling, MD, PhD; Liana Euller-Ziegler, MD; Martin Soubrier, MD; Christophe Richez, MD, PhD; Bruno Fautrel, MD, PhD; Arnaud L Constantin, MD, PhD; Jacques Morel, MD, PhD; Melanie Gilson, MD; Gregoire Cormier, MD; Jean Hugues Salmon, MD; Stephanie Rist, MD; Frederic Lioté, MD, PhD; Hubert Marotte, MD, PhD; Christine Bonnet, MD; Christian Marcelli, MD, PhD; Olivier Meyer, MD, PhD; Elisabeth Solau-Gervais, MD, PhD; Sandrine Guis, MD, PhD; Jean-Marc Ziza, MD; Charles Zarnitsky, MD; Isabelle Chary-Valckenaere, MD, PhD; Olivier Vittecoq, MD, PhD; Alain Saraux, MD, PhD; Yves-Marie Pers, MD, PhD; Martine Gayraud, MD; Gilles Bolla, MD; Pascal Claudepierre, MD, PhD; Marc Ardizzone, MD; Emmanuelle Dernis, MD; Maxime A Breban, MD, PhD; Olivier Fain, MD, PhD; Jean-Charles Balblanc, MD; Ouafaa Aberkane, PhD; Marion Vazel, PhD; Christelle Back, PhD; Sophie Candon, MD, PhD; Lucienne Chatenoud, MD, PhD; Elodie Perrodeau, MSc; Jean Sibilia, MD.

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    Footnotes

    • Presented at 2017 American College of Rheumatology meeting

    • Twitter @jeremsellam; @Larhumato

    • Contributors PR, JSi and J-EG were involved in the conception and design of the ROC trial. JSe, AV, JC and J-EG were involved in the conception of this ancillary study. J-PB and SF performed biomarker assessments. AV, JSe and SR designed and performed the statistical analysis. AV and JSe wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors were involved in the analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors drafted the manuscript and revised it critically. All authors approved the final version to be submitted for publication, and all authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

    • Funding The ROC trial was sponsored by the French Ministry of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique National 2009/4507 EUDRACT No: 2009-013482-26) and promoted by the Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation, Strasbourg University Hospital.

    • Competing interests JSe: consulting fees and symposia: BMS, Janssen, Menarini, MSD, Pfizer, Roche France, Fresenius Kabi, Lilly, Sandoz and Abbvie; research grants: Roche France and Pfizer. JC: fees for academic conferences by Janssen, MSD, ViiV Healthcare, Gilead, Chugai and Novartis. JSi: fees from Abbvie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Sharp, Dohme, UCB, Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Actelion, Amgen and Hospira. FB: current or past board member of Pfizer, Abbvie, Merck Serono, Servier, Expanscience, Sanofi, UCB, Novartis, Biogaran, Biogen and Proxymagen; consultant for Janssen and Flexion; received grants from Servier and TRB Chemedica; and is on speaker’s bureau for Servier and Abbvie. J-EG: consulting fees and research grants: Abbvie, BMS, MSD, UCB, Roche and Pfizer.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Ethics approval The institutional review board of the Comité de Protection des Personnes-Est-1, Strasbourg, France, approved the study and all patients provided written informed consent after receiving oral and written information.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement Data are available on reasonable request.