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Abstract
Objective Assessment of enthesitis, a key feature in spondyloarthritis (SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), using objective and sensitive methods is pivotal in clinical trials. MRI allows detection of both soft tissue and intra-osseous changes of enthesitis. This article presents an atlas for the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Heel Enthesitis Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI Scoring System (HEMRIS).
Methods Following a preliminary selection of potential examples of each grade, as per HEMRIS definitions, the images along with detailed definitions and reader rules were discussed at web-based, interactive meetings between the members of the OMERACT MRI in Arthritis Working Group.
Results Reference images of each grade of the MRI features to be assessed using HEMRIS, along with reader rules and recommended MRI sequences are depicted.
Conclusion The presented reference images can be used to guide scoring Achilles tendon and plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) enthesitis according to the OMERACT HEMRIS in clinical trials and cohorts in which MRI enthesitis is used as an outcome.
- spondyloarthritis
- psoriatic arthritis
- magnetic resonance imaging
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Key messages
What is already known about this subject?
The Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) MRI in Inflammatory Arthritis Working Group has published a novel, comprehensive and validated MRI scoring system for the heel region (Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System (HEMRIS)).
What does this study add?
The atlas presented in this paper depicts standard reference images for all the grades of different inflammatory and structural pathologies included in the OMERACT HEMRIS, along with line drawings explaining the area to be assessed.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
This atlas will allow better calibration of readers in future clinical trials with enthesitis at the heel region as an outcome.
It can also be used as a teaching tool for physicians interested in assessment of enthesitis by MRI.
Introduction
Entheses are sites where tendons, fascia, ligament or joint capsule attach to bones of the appendicular or axial skeleton.1 2 Inflammation at these sites, enthesitis, involves both soft tissue and bone, and is considered as a core pathological process in spondyloarthritis (SpA), including psoriatic arthritis (PsA).3 4 The prevalence of enthesitis in SpA, including PsA, has been reported to be 13.6%–35%, with Achilles tendon and plantar fascia insertion being the most common sites.5 6
Assessing enthesitis as primary or secondary outcome in clinical trials requires a comprehensive, sensitive and validated assessment method. Clinical examination using different enthesitis indices has been shown to have low sensitivity and specificity, with suboptimal reproducibility.7 8 MRI allows sensitive assessment of enthesitis,9–11 and the OMERACT MRI in Arthritis Working Group has recently developed and validated the OMERACT Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System (HEMRIS), along with consensus-based definitions of the MRI features to be scored.12 Thus, this method may facilitate a more reliable assessment of enthesitis in clinical trials.
The exact area of assessment and the individual grades of HEMRIS may be difficult for new readers to conceptualise. Furthermore, the applicability and reproducibility of scoring systems have been shown to improve with accessibility of standard reference images for comparison.13–16 Therefore, our aim was to develop a reference image atlas for use as a guide to scoring based on the OMERACT HEMRIS, along with presenting an updated list of definitions and reader rules.
Methods
Images representing each MRI feature, as per HEMRIS definitions, were collected from working group members and a preliminary selection of potential examples of each grade were selected by two group members experienced in the HEMRIS method, and presented for general discussion at three web-based, interactive meetings between the members (rheumatologists and radiologists) of the OMERACT MRI in Arthritis Working Group. At these web-based meetings example images of each grade of MRI feature were discussed, as were detailed definitions and reader rules, and consensus on the final selection was reached. All participating members approved the final definitions, reader rules and image selection.
Results
The MRI features to be scored in HEMRIS, along with an updated set of their definitions, recommended MRI sequences and reader rules are described in box 1. Representative examples of different grades for each of the MRI features to be assessed in HEMRIS are presented in figures 1–4. A line drawing, depicting the area of focus while scoring each MRI feature according to HEMRIS, is included.
Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System recommendations for MRI acquisition, definitions and scoring of inflammatory and structural pathologies at the entheses
MRI studies that intend to assess inflammatory and structural changes at entheses should include at least the following sequences:
Short tau inversion recovery (STIR)/T2-weighted fat suppressed (T2wFS) images or, alternatively, gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted fat suppressed images.
T1-weighted images without gadolinium enhancement (not mandatory if only inflammation is being assessed).
Suggested imaging planes:
Achilles tendon: sagittal and preferably also axial.
Plantar fascia: sagittal and preferably also coronal.
Definition
Signal characteristics consistent with increased water content/inflammation within the tendon, close to its insertion.
Grades
0: No intratendon hypersignal.*
1: Minimal intratendon hypersignal spots* (≤25% of the tendon volume).
2: Moderate intratendon hypersignal* (>25% and ≤50% of the tendon volume).
3: Severe intratendon hypersignal* (>50% of the tendon volume).
*Intratendon hypersignal should be assessed from the tendon insertion up to 2 cm proximal to the posterosuperior corner of calcaneum (marked in the line drawing) on all the available images.
Definition
Signal characteristics consistent with increased water content/inflammation in the soft tissues surrounding the tendon, close to its insertion.
Grades
0: No hypersignal.*
1: Mild† focal hypersignal.*
2: Moderate† hypersignal.*
3: Severe† hypersignal.*
†By comparison with reference images.
*From tendon insertion up to 2 cm proximal to the posterosuperior corner of calcaneum (marked in the line drawing).
Definition
Bone marrow oedema (BME) should be assessed in the bone from the entheseal insertion to a depth of 1 cm on all available images.
Grades
The scale is 0–3, based on the proportion of bone with oedema, compared with the ‘assessed bone volume’, judged on all available images.
0: No oedema.
1: 1%–33% of the bone is edematous (ie, BME occupying 1%–33% of the assessed bone volume).
2: 34%–66% of the bone is edematous.
3: 67%–100% of the bone is edematous.
If the lesion is judged borderline, ie, 1 vs 2 or 2 vs 3, lesion intensity may be considered. For example, if a lesion is borderline between 1 (mild) and 2 (moderate), it may be scored 1 (mild) if not judged intense. Similarly, if a lesion is borderline between 2 (moderate) and 3 (severe), it may be scored 3 (severe) if judged intense.
Definition
Signal characteristics consistent with increased water content/inflammation in an above-normal sized bursa.
Grades
0: No hypersignal or maximal diameter of hypersignal in the shorter of two perpendicular dimensions to be <0.25 cm.
1: Maximal diameter of hypersignal in the shorter of two perpendicular dimensions to be ≥0.25 cm to <0.5 cm.
2: Maximal diameter of hypersignal in the shorter of two perpendicular dimensions to be ≥0.5 cm to <1.0 cm.
3: Maximal diameter of hypersignal in the shorter of two perpendicular dimensions to be ≥1.0 cm.
Definition
Abnormal thickening of the tendon close to its insertion.*
Grades
0: None.
1: Mild.†*
2: Moderate.†*
3: Severe.†*
†By comparison with reference images.
*Maximally 2 cm proximal from the posterosuperior corner of calcaneum.
Definition
Abnormal bone formation at the insertion of tendon into the bone.
Grades
0: None.
1: Small.*
2: Medium-sized.*
3: Large.*
*By comparison with reference images.
Definition
A sharply marginated bone lesion, with typical signal characteristics and a visible cortical break, located close to the tendon insertion.
Grades
0: None.
1: Small.*
2: Medium-sized.*
3: Large.*
* By comparison with reference images.
Definition
Signal characteristics consistent with increased water content/inflammation within the fascia, close to its insertion.
Grades
0: No intrafascia hypersignal.*
1: Minimal intrafascia hypersignal* (≤25% of the fascia volume).
2: Moderate intrafascia hypersignal* (>25% and ≤50% of the fascia volume).
3: Severe intrafascia hypersignal* (>50% of the fascia volume).
*Intratendon hypersignal should be assessed from the fascia insertion up to 2 cm proximal to the anterior margin of the plantar tuberosity (marked in the line drawing) on all the available images.
Definition
Signal characteristics consistent with increased water content/inflammation in the soft tissues surrounding the fascia, close to its insertion.
Grades
0: No hypersignal.*
1: Mild† focal hypersignal.*
2: Moderate† hypersignal.*
3: Severe† hypersignal.*
†By comparison with reference images.
*From fascia insertion up to 2 cm proximal to the anterior margin of the plantar tuberosity (marked in the line drawing).
Definition
Bone marrow oedema should be assessed in the bone from the fascia insertion to a depth of 1 cm on all available images.
Grades
The scale is 0–3, based on the proportion of bone with oedema, compared with the ‘assessed bone volume’, judged on all available images.
0: No oedema.
1: 1%–33% of the bone is edematous (ie, BME occupying 1%–33% of the assessed bone volume).
2: 34%–66% of the bone is edematous.
3: 67%–100% of the bone is edematous.
If the lesion is judged borderline, ie, 1 vs 2 or 2 vs 3, lesion intensity may be considered. For example, if a lesion is borderline between 1 (mild) and 2 (moderate), it may be scored 1 (mild) if not judged intense. Similarly, if a lesion is borderline between 2 (moderate) and 3 (severe), it may be scored 3 (severe) if judged intense.
Definition
Abnormal thickening of the fascia close to its insertion.
Grades
0: None.
1: Mild.†*
2: Moderate.†*
3: Severe.†*
†By comparison with reference images.
*Maximally 2 cm proximal to the anterior margin of the plantar tuberosity.
Definition
Abnormal bone formation at the insertion of fascia into the bone.
Grades
0: None.
1: Small.*
2: Medium-sized.*
3: Large.*
*By comparison with reference images.
Definition
A sharply marginated bone lesion, with typical signal characteristics and a visible cortical break, located close to the fascia insertion.
Grades
0: None.
1: Small.*
2: Medium-sized.*
3: Large*
*By comparison with reference images.
Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System grades for inflammatory pathologies at the Achilles tendon enthesis, illustrated by sagittal short tau inversion recovery MR images. A line drawing (left) depicts the area to assess. *BME, bone marrow oedema.
Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System grades for structural pathologies at the Achilles tendon enthesis, illustrated by sagittal T1-weighted MR images. A line drawing (left) depicts the area to assess.
Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System grades for inflammatory pathologies at the plantar fascia enthesis, illustrated by sagittal short tau inversion recovery MR images. A line drawing (left) depicts the area to assess. *BME, bone marrow edema.
Heel Enthesitis MRI Scoring System grades for structural pathologies at the plantar fascia enthesis, illustrated by sagittal T1-weighted MR images. A line drawing (left) depicts the area to assess.
Discussion
HEMRIS is the first international consensus-based and validated, comprehensive MRI scoring system for peripheral enthesitis in patients with SpA. In this atlas, we have depicted different grades of each MRI pathologies to be scored using HEMRIS for ease of scoring enthesitis in the heel region in patients with SpA/PsA in clinical trials or cohorts.
For efficient utility of this atlas, the reader should be adept to the relevant anatomy of the region, the MRI appearance of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia (plantar aponeurosis) entheses using short tau inversion recovery and T1-weighted sequences in a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine viewer, and common pitfalls in assessment. Before assigning a score, the reader is recommended to window each image appropriately in order to prevent overappreciation or underappreciation of inflammation, and to scroll through all the available images, comparing them with the reference images and grade definitions in the present atlas. Interpretation of MRI finding if using only one imaging plane should be done with caution, especially for small lesions like erosions. For scoring structural lesions it is advisable to have two planes. Fat suppression is sometimes inhomogeneous across an MRI image. One should avoid over-reading inflammation due to hyperintensity resulting from improper fat suppression. Calibration with a trained HEMRIS reader is highly recommended to provide reliable assessments and enhance the overall outcome.13 17 Although the exact reading time has not been measured, a calibrated reader should generally be able to complete scoring of one heel region in less than 15 minutes.
Sum scores of inflammatory lesions (intratendon hypersignal, peritendon hypersignal, bone marrow oedema, retrocalcaneal bursitis) and structural lesions (tendon thickening, calcaneal enthesophyte, calcaneal bone erosion) can be calculated by summing up the individual pathology scores at Achilles tendon and plantar fascia entheses. For Achilles tendon and plantar fascia entheses, the possible range of the HEMRIS inflammation sum score will be 0–12 and 0–9, respectively, and the corresponding range of the HEMRIS structural sum scores will be 0–9, respectively.
In conclusion, we have provided an easy-to-use set of standard reference images for the HEMRIS method to improve calibration between readers in clinical trials and cohorts. This may also be used as a handy teaching tool for new readers interested in MRI assessment of enthesitis at the heel region.
References
Footnotes
Contributors All the authors contributed equally towards the work involved and manuscript preparation.
Funding PGC is supported in part by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre.
Disclaimer The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. All the images used are included in this atlas.