• COVID-19
• arthritis
• patient reported outcome measures

COVID-19 is a pandemic that has shattered the world, not only once, but with a second wave swiping across the continents. Patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) have encountered widespread shielding (ie, stringent self-isolation) and poor quality of life (QoL).1–3

Work obligations could potentially affect opportunities to self-isolate. The World Health Organization has expressed concerns that some workers may be at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 illness because of age or pre-existing medical conditions.4 Despite being a topic on the political agenda, in social media and patient organisations, surprisingly little is known regarding the impact of the ongoing pandemic on anxiety and concerns related to the work situation, and in a review of the medical literature, we found no previous research publications regarding patients with IRD.

We performed a nationwide online survey in patients with IRD (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and other)1 routinely followed in the Danish DANBIO registry.5 In October–November 2020, patients were invited to answer questions regarding the impact of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current work situation and related concerns (see footnote in figure 1), treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic agents (DMARDs), disease activity, educational level and comorbid diseases.

• Download figure
• Open in new tab
• Download powerpoint

Figure 1

Concerns related to work situation in 5950 patients with inflammatory arthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020. Questions: A: It is important for me to keep physical distance at my job. B: It is difficult for me to keep physical distance at my job. C: My workplace helped to make necessary interventions for me to safely tend my job. D: I fear that my arthritis condition increases my risk of COVID-19 infection at work more than others my age. E: Due to my arthritis condition I should take more precautions at work to avoid infection compared to others my age. F: I am concerned being in the work environment.

Demographic and clinical factors associated with work-related concerns were explored with multivariable logistic regression (mostly or completely agree vs other responses) including gender, age (<40/40–60/>60 years), diagnosis (RA/PsA/AxSpA/other), educational level (higher/lower), other comorbidities (yes/no/missing), biological DMARD (bDMARD) treatment (yes/no) and health-related QoL (EQ-5D) (below/above median). Higher educational level was defined as further education for ≥2 years, whereas lower level included vocational training or no further education.

Among 14 758 respondents (38% of eligible patients), 5950 patients (40%) were working (60% full time/31% part time/9% self-employed), 61% were female, median age was 55 (IQR 47–60) years, 53% had RA/19% PsA/20% AxSpA/9% other IRD, 53% had higher educational level, 47% reported other comorbidities, 36% received bDMARDs, and self-reported EQ-5D was median 0.80 (IQR 0.74–0.86).

Self-reported concerns and anxiety regarding the current work situation were frequent (figure 1, panels A–F) (answers available in 97% of patients). Although 69% (4078/5950 patients) answered that their workplace had helped making arrangements for them to safely tend to their job, 22% (2820/5950) found it difficult (completely/mostly agree) to keep physical distance at work (figure 1, panel B), and 20% (1172/5950) were concerned being in the work environment (figure 1, panel F). Among patients concerned about the work environment, 94% found it important to keep physical distance at work, 75% found it difficult to keep distance, 63% found that their workplace had made necessary interventions, 75% feared that their arthritis increased risk of COVID-19 infection at work and 85% felt they should take more precautions than others their age.

In multivariable logistic regression analyses including respondents with complete data (n=5878), factors associated with being concerned about being in the work environment were female gender (odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) 1.96 (1.68 to 2.28)), higher educational level (1.34 (1.17 to 1.54)), other comorbidities (yes vs no, 1.37 (1.19 to 1.58)), treatment with bDMARDs (1.46 (1.27 to 1.68)) and poorer EQ-5D (2.71 (2.35 to 3.13)) (all p<0.001). Diagnosis and age were without significance. Similar patterns were found for other work-related concerns (not shown).

Potentially, patients with higher education could be more concerned because their work is poorly suited for shielding (eg, working in close physical contact with others (teaching, healthcare, etc)) or they could be more sceptical in general. However, in order to understand the impact of educational level, information regarding specific working activities (eg, manual work, sector of employment) and working conditions such as possibilities to work remotely from home would have been of interest. This was not included in the questionnaire and we could not explore this further.

Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on occupational health has high priority,4 6 7 but has previously mainly been explored in certain occupational groups (eg, frontline employees with high SARS-CoV-19 exposure risk8 9) or certain populations10–12 and not specifically in patients with RMD. In accordance with others, our study confirms high anxiety levels related to the work situation, mainly in women,11 persons with poor health conditions9 12 and persons with higher education.7

In this study, we included a large cohort of well-characterised patients with IRD who were working during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety and concerns related to their work situation were frequent, especially in women, patients receiving biological treatments, those with comorbidities and poor QoL. In the light of the ongoing pandemic and future waves, continuous awareness of the difficult balance between social distancing and work obligations is important.