Table 2

Primary and secondary outcomes at 24 months post-treatment

TAU
N=94
tCBT
N=82
Exercise
N=92
Combined
N=93
Primary outcome: global change in health since entering trial
Original data
 Very much better3 (3.2)5 (6.1)5 (5.4)10 (10.8)
 Much better9 (9.6)24 (29.3)22 (23.9)19 (20.4)
 A little better14 (14.9)15 (18.3)16 (17.4)17 (18.3)
 No change31 (33.0)21 (25.6)22 (23.9)19 (20.4)
 A little worse21 (22.3)9 (11.0)16 (17.4)18 (19.4)
 Much worse7 (7.5)8 (9.8)9 (9.8)10 (10.8)
 Very much worse9 (9.6)02 (2.2)0
Dichotomised outcome
 Much better/very much better12 (12.8)29 (35.4)27 (29.3)29 (31.2)
 Less than much better82 (87.2)53 (64.6)65 (70.7)64 (68.8)
Secondary outcomes
CPG
 0—No pain14 (19.4)12 (18.2)10 (14.1)10 (13.5)
 I—Low disability, low intensity18 (25.0)22 (33.3)23 (32.4)29 (39.2)
 II—Low disability, high intensity22 (30.6)20 (30.3)16 (22.5)21 (28.4)
 III—High disability, moderately limiting11 (15.3)8 (12.1)15 (21.1)8 (10.8)
 IV—High disability, severely limiting7 (9.7)4 (6.1)7 (9.9)6 (8.1)
GHQ*3.0 (3.3)2.2 (3.4)2.6 (3.7)3.0 (3.7)
EQ-5D*0.63 (0.32)0.73 (0.24)0.71 (0.24)0.68 (0.24)
SF-36* (all 1–100)†
 General health56.2 (21.3)60.4 (20.1)59.9 (22.3)61.5 (23.3)
 Physical function59.2 (31.9)66.9 (26.8)68.9 (25.9)68.3 (24.8)
 Role physical59.7 (30.7)63.3 (27.0)62.9 (25.2)68.4 (29.3)
 Vitality45.0 (22.1)50.6 (21.9)49.8 (20.0)49.2 (22.8)
 Social function68.5 (28.2)74.8 (26.3)71.4 (26.1)76.2 (25.5)
 Role emotional73.7 (27.3)76.5 (26.4)79.7 (23.2)74.1 (29.3)
Fatigue (0–42)*19.1 (7.3)17.8 (6.6)17.8 (5.8)17.6 (6.9)
VPMI*
 Passive coping (11–55)29.4 (8.9)25.8 (8.4)27.5 (8.8)25.3 (8.2)
 Active coping (7–35)24.5 (4.6)25.2 (4.2)25.1 (3.3)25.8 (4.4)
Sleep scale*(0–20)9.7 (5.9)9.4 (6.0)8.8 (5.2)8.3 (6.0)
Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia*(17–68)36.2 (7.2)33.3 (5.7)34.1 (7.6)32.9 (7.8)
  • Values are n (%) except * which are mean (SD).

  • †Bodily Pain scores not available due to printing error on questionnaire.

  • CPG, Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; SF-36, 36 item Short Form Health Questionnaire; TAU, treatment as usual; tCBT, telephone cognitive behavioural therapy; VPMI, Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory.