Crystal analytic study (CCA, Raman spectroscopy, elemental bioanalysis, metabolomic, mass spectrometry) characteristics and features
| Study | Modality | Diagnosis of CPPD | Publication date | Patients (N) | Features examined | Prevalence of pattern by site | Sensitivity | Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollet et al22 | CCA | CPPD crystal analysis | 5/2015 | 180 | Synovial fluid crystal analysis | ND | 66.7% | 93.2% |
| Robier et al23 | CCA | CPPD crystal analysis | 6/2014 | 50 | Synovial CCP crystal count with cytospin and smear | Cytospin 96/10HPF, smear 2.5/10HPF | ND | ND |
| Tausche et al24 | CCA | CPPD crystal analysis | 8/2013 | 75 | CCP crystals/field day 0 and stored for 1–3 days | >5/field 33.3%, <5/field 66.6% | ND | ND |
| Cheng et al25 | Raman spectroscopy | CPPD crystal analysis | 4/2009 | 35 | CCP crystal analysis with Raman and PLM | Agreement 91.4%, discrepancy 8.5%, confirmation 100% correct with Raman, 33.3% correct with PLM | ND | ND |
| Li et al26 | Raman spectroscopy | CPPD crystal analysis | 2/2014 | ND | CPPD crystals concentrations detected by CARD and PLM | CARD 1 ug/mL, PLM 10–100 ug/mL | ND | ND |
| Fuerst et al27 | Raman spectroscopy | CPPD crystal analysis | 3/2010 | 4 | CPPD crystal analysis by Raman spectra | CPPD 25%, HA 75% | ND | ND |
| Li et al28 | Raman spectroscopy | CPPD crystal analysis | 2/2016 | 174 | Rapid POCR compared with CPLM for CPPD and gout diagnoses | Overall 89.7% POCR and CPLM agreement; κ coefficient for POCR and CPLM: 0.61 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.81) in CPPD; 0.84 (CI 0.75 to 0.94) in gout | ND | ND |
| Nguyen et al29 | Elemental bioanalysis | CPPD crystal analysis | 2013 | 20 (141 cartilage samples) | CaC crystals and CPP crystals in patients with OA by FT-IR | CaC crystals 68.3%, CPP crystals 14.1% | ND | ND |
| Hugle et al30 | Metabolomic | CPPD crystal analysis | 3/2012 | 59 | Metabolomic profiling of knee synovial fluid with NMR | 35 different metabolites identified, no difference compared with OA | ND | ND |
| Austin et al31 | Mass spectrometry | CPPD crystal analysis | 3/2009 | ND | CPP crystal identification with LA ICP-MS | High calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, strontium intensities in cartilage and synthetic synovial fluid | ND | ND |
CaC, calcium-containing; CARD, cost-efficient automated Raman device; CCA, conventional crystal analysis; CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide; CPLM, compensated polarised light microscopy; CPPD, calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease; FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; HA, hydroxyapatite; LA ICP-MS, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ND, not defined; NMR, nuclear MR; OA, osteoarthritis; PLM, polarised light microscopy; POCR, point of care Raman.