Clinical characteristics
| HC (n=29) | PAPS (n=29) | SLE+APS (n=40) | SLE (n=54) | |
| Clinical manifestations | ||||
| Age | 43 (34–50) | 40 (33–50) | 45 (37–53) | 36 (28–48) |
| Female (%) | 93 | 97 | 95 | 96 |
| SELENA-SLEDAI | – | 4 (1–5) | 4 (2–6) | |
| Malar rash (%) | 0 | 55 | 65 | |
| Discoid rash (%) | 0 | 18 | 19 | |
| Photosensitivity (%) | 0 | 53 | 43 | |
| Oral ulcers (%) | 0 | 35 | 32 | |
| Arthritis (%) | 0 | 65 | 72 | |
| Serositis (%) | 0 | 20 | 32 | |
| Lupus nephritis (%) | 0 | 45 | 69 | |
| Neurologic disorder (%) | 10* | 18 | 4 | |
| Haematologic disorder (%) | 35† | 85 | 67 | |
| Arterial thrombosis (%) | 59 | 43 | 9 | |
| Venous thrombosis (%) | 38 | 60 | 2 | |
| Obstetric morbidity (%) | 31 | 23 | 6 | |
| Current drug use | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 21 | 55 | 76 | |
| Prednisone (%) | 0 | 45 | 67 | |
| Azathioprine (%) | 0 | 41 | 33 | |
| Mycophenolate mofetil (%) | 0 | 10 | 19 | |
| Oral anticoagulant (%) | 62 | 75 | 0 | |
| Aspirin (%) | 48 | 28 | 20 | |
| Serology | ||||
| Anti-dsDNA (IU/mL) | – | 14 (5–58) | 27 (6–99) | |
| C3 | – | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.86 (0.70–1.03) | |
| C4 | – | 0.14 (0.10–0.22) | 0.15 (0.12–0.20) | |
| Lupus anticoagulant (%) | 82 | 65 | 14 | |
| Anticardiolipin IgG (%) | 86 | 78 | 20 | |
| Anticardiolipin IgM (%) | 38 | 15 | 10 | |
| Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgG (%) | 35 | 26 | 4 | |
| Anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgM (%) | 10 | 5 | 7 | |
| aGAPSS | 10 (8–13) | 10 (6–11) | – | |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 35 | 24 | 21 | |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 59 | 66 | 56 |
Medians with IQR or percentages of total.
*Seizures
†Thrombocytopenia
aGAPSS, adjusted global antiphospholipid syndrome score; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; HC, healthy controls; PAPS, primary APS; SELENA, Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE Disease Activity Index.