Formulation of PICO-questions
| Q2: What is the efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of available vaccines in adult patients with AIIRD? Population: patients with AIIRD* Intervention: immunisation/vaccination with vaccines suitable for adults** Comparison: healthy controls, non-vaccinated patients with AIIRD or none Outcome: efficacy (prevention of vaccine-preventable disease), immunogenicity (laboratory markers for vaccine efficacy, eg, seroprotection/seroconversion) and safety (effect on the underlying autoimmune disease or adverse effects from vaccination) | ||
| Q3: Are vaccines efficacious and immunogenic in adult patients with AIIRD, treated with immunosuppressive agents and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)? Population: patients with AIIRD* using immunomodulating agents*** Intervention: immunisation/vaccination with vaccines suitable for adults** Comparison: healthy controls, patients with AIIRD not using analysed agents or none Outcome: efficacy (prevention of vaccine-preventable disease), immunogenicity (laboratory markers for vaccine efficacy, eg, seroprotection/seroconversion) | ||
| Q4: What is the effect of vaccinating household members of patients with AIIRD on the occurrence of VPI in both the patients and household members (including newborns)? Population: patients with AIIRD* Intervention: immunisation/vaccination of household contacts of patients with AIIRD with vaccines suitable for children and adults** Comparison: patients with AIIRD with non-vaccinated household members Outcome: incidence of VPI in patients with AIIRD/safety of household vaccine for patients with AIIRD | ||
| * AIIRD | ** Vaccines | *** Immunomodulating agents |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Influenza | Glucocorticosteroids |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | Tetanus toxoid | Methotrexate |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome | Diphtheria | Sulfasalazine |
| Adult Still’s disease | Pertussis | Leflunomide |
| Systemic sclerosis | Measles | Hydroxychloroquine |
| Sjögren syndrome | Mumps | Azathioprine |
| Mixed connective tissue diseases | Rubella | Mycophenolic preparation |
| Relapsing polychondritis | Varicella-zoster virus | Ciclosporine |
| Giant cell arteritis | Human papillomavirus | Tacrolimus |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Cyclophosphamide |
| Takayasu arteritis | Hepatitis A | Rituximab |
| Polyarteritis nodosa | Hepatitis B | Belimumab |
| ANCA-associated vasculitis | Neisseria meningitidis | Abatacept |
| Microscopic polyangiitis | Haemophilus influenzae B | TNFα blocking agents |
| Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | Tickborne encephalitis | Infliximab |
| Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis | Typhoid fever | Etanercept |
| Behçet’s disease | Yellow fever | Adalimumab |
| Anti-GBM disease | Certolizumab | |
| Cryoglobulinaemic syndrome | Golimumab | |
| Polymyositis | Anti-IL-6 agents | |
| Dermatomyositis | Tocilizumab | |
| Clinically amyotrophic dermatomyositis | Sarilumab | |
| Inclusion body myositis | Anti-IL-17 agents | |
| Antisynthetase syndrome | Secukinumab | |
| Eosinophilic myositis | Ixekizumab | |
| Eosinophilic fasciitis | Anti-IL-1 agents | |
| Spondyloarthropathies | Canakinumab | |
| Periodic fever syndromes | Anakinra | |
| Familial Mediterranean fever | Rilonacept | |
| TNF-receptor associated syndrome (TRAPS) | Apremilast | |
| Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) | Tofacitinib | |
| Baricitinib | ||
AIIRD, autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease(s); ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; IL, interleukin; PICO, population-intervention-comparison-outcome; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; VPI, vaccine-preventable infection.