Immunogenicity and safety of 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7 and PCV13), including prime boosting with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), in patients with AIIRD (October 2009–August 2018)
| First author +ref. | Year | Study design | No. cases | Strategy | No. ST | Immunogenicity | Safety | LoE | |
| Imm. | Saf. | ||||||||
| PCV7 | |||||||||
| Grabar128 | 2017 | RCT | 46 SLE: 27 placebo +PPSV23 19 PCV7 +PPSV23 | NA | 7 | Adequate immunogenicity No differences between groups | No safety issue | 1b | 4 |
| David Morgan105 | 2016 | Cohort | 92 AAV | NA | 7 | Preserved immunogenicity in patients on remission | – | 2b | – |
| Nagel123 | 2015 | Cohort | 248 RA 249 SpA | NA | 2 | Good correlation between levels of immunogenicity and incidence of pneumonia | – | 2b | – |
| Kapetanovic108 | 2013 | Cohort | 173 RA (TCZ, RTX, ABA, MTX) 86 SpA controls | NA | 2 | Reduced response in patients treated with ABA and RTX | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Kapetanovic127 | 2013 | Cohort | 163 RA 139 SpA | NA | 2 | Reduced immunogenicity after 1.5 y | – | 2b | – |
| Kapetanovic110 | 2011 | Cohort | 253 RA 252 SpA (MTX, anti-TNF) | NA | 2 | Reduced response in pts treated with MTX | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Kapetanovic111 | 2011 | Cohort | 201 RA (PCV7) 201 RA (PPSV23) | NA | 2 | Similar immunogenicity for PCV7 and PPSV23 | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| PCV13, including prime boosting with PPSV23 | |||||||||
| Nguyen106 | 2017 | RCT | 98 RA 63 bDMARD 35 csDMARD-DC | PCV 13+PPSV23 PCV13 +PPSV23 PCV13 +PCV13+PPSV23 | 12 | Adequate and similar response in the three arms | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Bahuaud133 | 2018 | Cohort | 23 RA | PCV13 +PPSV23 | 10 | Adequate short-term response Functional antibodies decreased after 2 years | – | 2b | – |
| Kapetanovic118 | 2017 | Cohort | 10 RA-MTX 10 RA-DC | PCV13 | 2 | Reduced response in MTX-treated patients | – | 4 | – |
| Nived117 | 2017 | Cohort | 49 vasculitis 49 HC | PCV13 | 2 | Adequate response, similar in both groups | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Nagel114 | 2017 | Cohort | 47 SLE 21 HC | PCV13 | 12 | Decreased response in IS-treated patients with SLE, preserved under HCQ and belimumab | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Rakoczi129 | 2016 | Cohort | 22 RA 24 OA | PCV13 | NR | Adequate immunogenicity, but lower in RA | No safety issue | 2b | 4 |
| Groh132 | 2017 | Case series | 19 AAV
| PCV13/PCV 7±PPSV23 | 7 | Decreased response on induction, preserved on maintenance therapy | – | 4 | – |
AAV, ANCA-associated vasculitis; ABA, abatacept; ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; bDMARD, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; (cs)DMARD, (conventional synthetic) DMARD; DC, disease control; HC, healthy controls; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; imm., immunogenicity; IS, immunosuppressives; LoE, level of evidence; MTX, methotrexate; No., number; NR, not reported; OA, osteoarthritis; pts, patients; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RCT, randomised controlled trial; ref., reference; RTX, rituximab; saf., safety; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SpA, spondyloarthropathy; ST, serotypes; TCZ, tocilizumab; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; y, years.