Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection studies characteristics and HPV incidence/prevalence rates
| Author, Year | Country | Study design | Study outcome | AIIRD, Controls, Sample size | HPV definition /ascertainment | Incidence or prevalence, AIIRD | Incidence or prevalence, Controls | OR (95% CI) of HPV in SLE vs controls | LoE |
| Klumb 201066 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 173 SLE, 216 controls | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR | 20% | 7.3% | NA | 3b |
| Tam 201067 | Hong Kong, China | Cohort (3-year f/u) | Prevalence, incidence | 150 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR |
Prevalence:
Baseline: 12.5% 3-year f/u: 25% Incidence of new HPV: 17/1000 patient months | NA | NA | 2b |
| Lee 201068 | Korea | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 134 SLE, 4595 controls | Cervical smear/ Hybrid Capture II technology or HPV PCR DNA; cervical cytology | 24.6% | 7.9% | OR 3.8 (2.5 to 5.7) | 3b |
| Rojo-Contreras 201269 | Mexico | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 43 RA 34 SLE 146 controls | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR | RA: 27.9% SLE: 14.7% | 30.8% | NA | 3b |
| Lyrio 201370 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 88 SLE 70 controls | Cervical smear/ HPV nested DNA PCR | 80.7% | 35.7% | OR 7.2 (2.9 to 17.8) | 3b |
| Mendoza-Pinto 201371 | Mexico | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 148 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR | 29% | NA | NA | 3b |
| García-Carrasco 201572 | Mexico | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 67 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR | 28.4% | NA | NA | 3b |
| Al-Sherbeni 201573 | Egypt | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 32 SLE 20 controls | Cervical smear/ Immunostaining with HPV antibody | 3.1% | 0 | NA | 3b |
| Mendoza-Pinto 201774 | Mexico | Cohort (3-year f/u) | Prevalence, incidence | 127 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR |
Prevalence:
22.8 Incidence: 10.1/1000 patient months | NA | NA | 2b |
| Amara 201775 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 70 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR | 22.8% | NA | NA | 3b |
| Méndez-Martínez 201876 | Mexico | Cohort (2-year f/u) | Prevalence, Incidence | 148 SLE | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA (method not specified); cervical cytology |
Prevalence:
29% Incidence of new infection: 13.2% | NA | NA | 2b |
| Waisberg 201577 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 50 RA 50 controls | Cervical smear/HPV DNA Hybrid Capture technology; cervical cytology | 14% | 30% | NA | 3b |
| Martin 201478 | France | Cross-sectional | Prevalence | 25 SSc 50 controls | Cervical smear/ HPV DNA PCR and serum antibodies against HPV16 and 18 | 32% | 38% | NA | 3b |
AIIRD, autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease(s); f/u, follow-up; LoE, level of evidence; NA, non-available/non-applicable; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc, systemic sclerosis.