Determinants of overall mortality
| Variable | Univariate HR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate HR (95% CI) | P value |
| Age* | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.12) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.10) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.68) | <0.001 | ||
| Clinical evolution | ||||
| Tophi only or mono | 1 | |||
| Oligo | 1.18 (0.66 to 2.10) | 0.584 | ||
| Polyarticular | 2.04 (1.15 to 3.59) | 0.014 | ||
| Disease duration* | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 0.491 | ||
| Number of flares in the previous year | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.06) | 0.002 | ||
| sUA (baseline)* | 1.33 (1.22 to 1.46) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.33) | <0.001 |
| Tophi | 2.21 (1.61 to 3.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Radiological assessment | ||||
| Normal | 1 | |||
| Joint damage | 1.79 (1.13 to 2.84) | 0.013 | ||
| Comorbidity and risk factors | ||||
| BMI | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03) | 0.486 | ||
| Creatinine (baseline)* | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.32) | <0.001 | ||
| Ethanol consumption | 0.44 (0.29 to 0.67) | <0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 4.23 (2.89 to 6.17) | <0.001 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.64 (1.91 to 3.64) | <0.001 | ||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.68 (0.49 to 0.94) | 0.020 | ||
| Previous CV event | 6.22 (4.44 to 8.71) | <0.001 | 2.70 (1.82 to 3.98) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic treatment | 5.55 (3.99 to 7.71) | <0.001 | ||
| Kaiser strata | ||||
| Without risk factors | 1 | |||
| 1–2 chronic diseases | 2.16 (0.44 to 10.7) | 0.345 | ||
| 3–4 chronic diseases | 3.20 (0.69 to 14.8) | 0.137 | ||
| ≥5 chronic diseases | 9.97 (2.28 to 43.6) | 0.002 | ||
| Follow-up and treatment | ||||
| Prophylaxis | ||||
| None | 1 | |||
| Anakinra | 0.51 (0.10 to 2.66) | 0.429 | ||
| Colchicine | 0.76 (0.30 to 1.97) | 0.578 | ||
| Prednisone | 2.10 (0.50 to 8.83) | 0.310 | ||
| Cochicine | ||||
| No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 1.29 (0.86 to 1.94) | 0.213 | ||
| First-line treatment | ||||
| Without treatment | 1 | |||
| Allopurinol | 0.34 (0.19 to 0.62] | <0.001 | ||
| Benzbromarone | 0.46 (0.24 to 0.87] | 0.017 | ||
| Febuxostat | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.64] | 0.536 | ||
| Urate-lowering drugs | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.26) | 0.606 | ||
| sUA levels achieved | ||||
| Yes | 1 | |||
| No | 2.95 (2.05 to 4.26) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.60 to 3.41) | <0.001 |
| Cohort entry (year period) | ||||
| 1991–2000 | 1 | |||
| 2001–2010 | 1.78 (1.17 to 2.71) | 0.007 | 1.14 (0.74 to 1.78)1 | 0.546 |
| 2011–2017 | 2.68 (1.67 to 4.31) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.70 to 1.95) | 0.543 |
*Per unit (year, mg/dL).
BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; sUA, serum uric acid.