Summary of risk estimates of the association between diabetes or hyperglycaemia and osteoarthritis
| No of studies | OR (95% CI), p value | I2 (%) | P for heterogeneity | Egger’s test for publication bias (p value) | |
| Overall | 22 | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.03), p=0.10 | 74.2 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Comparability | |||||
| Studies with any adjustment of BMI7–9 12 13 20 23–26 28–31 34 35 38 46–48 | 20 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34), p=0.10 | 74.3 | <0.01 | 0.01 |
| Studies with comparable baseline BMI between groups9 20 31 33–35 | 6 | 0.94 (0.68 to 1.29), p=0.68 | 72.6 | <0.01 | 0.23 |
| Study design | |||||
| Prospective cohort7 9 20 23 29–31 | 7 | 1.08 (0.80 to 1.44), p=0.63 | 76.0 | <0.01 | 0.14 |
| Case-control8 12 13 33–35 | 6 | 0.82 (0.49 to 1.38), p=0.45 | 85.7 | <0.01 | 0.89 |
| Cross-sectional24–26 28 36 38 46–48 | 9 | 1.29 (1.10 to 1.51), p<0.01 | 30.0 | 0.10 | 0.68 |
| Gender | |||||
| Men9 23 28 31 34 36 47 48 | 8 | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.31), p=0.99 | 49.4 | 0.03 | 0.22 |
| Women9 23 26 28 31 34 36 47 48 | 9 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.67), p=0.16 | 75.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Site of OA | |||||
| Hand OA24 31 35 46 | 4 | 1.26 (0.77 to 2.05), p=0.36 | 69.0 | 0.01 | 0.66 |
| Hip OA12 29–31 | 4 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.09), p=0.27 | 52.5 | 0.08 | 0.88 |
| Knee OA9 12 13 20 23 24 26 29–31 33 34 36 47 48 | 15 | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.18), p=0.75 | 72.1 | <0.01 | 0.27 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence intervals; OA, osteoarthritis; OR, odd ratio.