Sensitivity analyses for risk of stroke and MI in adult patients with SLE compared with the general population or healthy controls: risk ratios (95% confidence intervals)
| Analysis description | Composite stroke | Subarachnoid haemorrhage | Intracerebral haemorrhage | Ischaemic stroke | Myocardial infarction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full model RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of Studies | 2.13 (1.73 to 2.61) 88.3 %; 0.001 11 | 1.95 (0.69 to 5.52) 94.4 %; 0.001 4 | 1.84 (1.16 to 2.91) 67.4 %; 0.027 4 | 2.18 (1.79 to 2.67) 75.4 %; 0.003 5 | 2.99 (2.34 to 3.82) 85.7 %; 0.001 8 |
| Leave1out, range Low estimate RR (95 % CI) High estimate RR (95 % CI) | 1.56 (0.85 to 2.87) 2.93 (2.75 to 3.12) | 1.44 (0.34 to 6.14) 3.06 (1.87 to 5.02) | 1.94 (1.19 to 3.17) 2.00 (1.05 to 3.82) | 2.04 (1.74 to 2.42) 2.39 (2.04 to 2.81) | 2.05 (1.32 to 3.18) 3.19 (2.94 to 3.47) |
| Least-adjusted analysis RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.22 (1.77 to 2.79) 90.9 %; 0.001 11 | 2.09 (0.78 to 5.56) 94.0 %; 0.001 4 | 1.79 (0.9 to 3.53) 86.7 %; 0.001 4 | 2.31 (1.8 to 2.97) 84.5 %; 0.001 5 | 3.18 (2.61 to 3.87) 78.8 %; 0.001 8 |
| Published during or after 2014 RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.29 (1.67 to 3.13) 88.3 %; 0.001 6 | 2.62 (1.03 to 6.66) 70.9 %; 0.064 2 | NA | 2.18 (1.84 to 2.58) 0 %; 0.875 2 | 3.08 (2.40 to 3.95) 86.9 %; 0.001 7 |
| Published before 2014 RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 1.91 (1.47 to 2.49) 85.0 %; 0.001 7 | 1.59 (0.18 to 13.75) 96.7 %; 0.001 2 | 2.18 (1.51 to 3.17) 66.2 %; 0.031 4 | 2.11 (1.7 to 2.61) 79.9 %; 0.002 4 | 2.05 (1.32 to 3.18) 0 %; 0.754 2 |
| Studies with low risk of bias RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.14 (1.62 to 2.83) 89.9 %; 0.001 7 | 3.5 (2.24 to 5.48) 52.4 %, 0.122 3 | 2.17 (1.07 to 4.38) 70.6 %; 0.065 2 | 1.95 (1.6 to 2.37) 64.5 %; 0.06 3 | 3.00 (2.31 to 3.88) 87.5 %; 0.001 7 |
| Studies reporting on non-fatal / fatal events RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.60 (1.87 to 3.62) 73.5 %; 0.005 5 | 2.62 (1.03 to 6.66) 70.9 %; 0.064 2 | 1.31 (0.7 to 2.47) 0 %; 0.698 2 | 2.43 (1.87 to 3.15) 56.2 %; 0.102 3 | 2.88 (2.19 to 3.79) 35.3 %; 0.201 4 |
| Studies reporting on non-fatal events RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.33 (1.65 to 3.31) 94.5 %; 0.001 5 | 1.59 (0.18 to 13.75) 96.7 %; 0.001 2 | 2.3 (1.57 to 3.37) 73.7 %; 0.022 3 | 1.93 (1.63 to 2.28) 71.6 %; 0.03 3 | 2.66 (2.24 to 3.14) 0 %; 0.662 3 |
| Studies reporting on fatal events RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of Studies | 1.56 (0.85 to 2.87) 85.1 %; 0.010 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Excluding cross-sectional studies RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | 2.19 (1.77 to 2.72) 86.1 %; 0.001 10 | 3.5 (2.24 to 5.48) 52.4 %; 0.122 3 | 1.93 (1.01 to 3.68) 60.2 %; 0.081 3 | 2.19 (1.69 to 2.83) 78.4 %; 0.003 4 | NA |
| Inclusion of study reporting on only LN patients RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.20 (2.52 to 4.07) 84.8 %; 0.001 9 |
| Including studies that were previously excluded because of a population overlap RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies RR (95 % CI) I2; P-value No. of studies | Bengtsson 2012 2.10 (1.68 to 2.62) 88.4 %; 0.001 11 Bernatsky 2006b 2.23 (1.83 to 2.72) 86.8 %; 0.001 11 Dregan 2017 2.21 (1.78 to 2.75) 90.0 %; 0.001 11 Liou 2014 2.03 (1.65 to 2.50) 85.2 %; 0.001 11 | NA | Zoller 2012a 2.18 (1.51 to 3.17) 66.2 %; 0.031 4 | Zoller 2012a 2.1 (1.76 to 2.51) 74.1 %; 0.004 5 Wang 2012 2.46 (2.12 to 2.85) 50.9 %; 0.087 5 | Bengtsson 2012 2.95 (2.28 to 3.80) 81.5 %; 0.001 8 |
NA, not applicable; RR, risk ratio; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus