Table 3

Association of baseline recorded characteristics and VTE risk factors with risk of VTE among individuals with and without immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) in multivariable analysis

Without IMID (n=213 512)With IMID (n=53 378)
Type of IMID
 Ulcerative colitisNA1.00 (ref)
 Crohn’s diseaseNA1.20 (1.01, 1.42)
 Psoriatic arthritisNA0.87 (0.71, 1.07)
 Rheumatoid arthritisNA1.11 (0.97, 1.28)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age at study entry (years)1.04 (1.04, 1.05)1.03 (1.03, 1.04)
Male sex1.02 (0.95, 1.10)1.13 (1.01, 1.26)
Ethnicity
 Asian0.46 (0.34, 0.63)0.96 (0.70, 1.31)
 Black1.19 (0.90, 1.56)1.08 (0.62, 1.87)
 Mixed1.40 (0.87, 2.27)1.01 (0.45, 2.27)
 Other0.96 (0.51, 1.78)0.45 (0.11, 1.80)
 Missing1.04 (0.96, 1.12)0.96 (0.84, 1.09)
 White1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
Index of multiple deprivation quintile (IMD)
1 (most deprived)1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
21.05 (0.94, 1.19)1.02 (0.84, 1.22)
30.97 (0.86, 1.09)0.95 (0.79, 1.13)
40.93 (0.83, 1.03)0.94 (0.79, 1.12)
5 (least deprived)0.94 (0.84, 1.04)0.86 (0.72, 1.02)
IMD not recorded0.87 (0.67, 1.12)1.00 (0.69, 1.45)
VTE risk factors
BMI (kg/m2)
 Underweight (≤18.5)1.06 (0.80, 1.41)0.99 (0.68, 1.44)
 Normal weight (18.5–25)1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
 Overweight (25–30)1.24 (1.14, 1.35)1.23 (1.08, 1.39)
 Obese (≥30)1.91 (1.75, 2.08)1.66 (1.45, 1.91)
 BMI not recorded1.14 (0.98, 1.32)1.31 (1.03, 1.65)
Smoking status
 Non-smoker1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
 Current smoker1.08 (0.99, 1.17)1.22 (1.07, 1.39)
 Ex-smoker1.06 (0.98, 1.15)1.07 (0.95, 1.21)
 Smoking status not recorded0.32 (0.12, 0.87)0.37 (0.05, 2.62)
Alcohol intake
 Non-drinker1.07 (0.98, 1.16)1.17 (1.03, 1.32)
 Within limits1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
 Over recommended limits1.01 (0.91, 1.11)0.90 (0.77, 1.06)
 Alcoholism1.19 (0.92, 1.54)1.44 (0.99, 2.08)
 Alcohol intake not recorded1.07 (0.93, 1.23)1.17 (0.94, 1.46)
Reduced mobility1.39 (1.12, 1.72)0.96 (0.67, 1.37)
Family history of VTE3.10 (1.60, 6.01)1.29 (0.32, 5.19)
Thrombophilia4.66 (2.31, 9.40)4.13 (1.53, 11.11)
History of fracture1.11 (0.98, 1.25)1.29 (1.08, 1.55)
Platelet count1.16 (0.90, 1.50)1.23 (1.01, 1.50)
 Normal (150–400×109/L)1.00 (ref)1.00 (ref)
 High (>400×109/L)1.37 (1.02, 1.84)1.07 (0.67, 1.72)
 Missing0.55 (0.51, 0.59)1.07 (0.94, 1.22)
Comorbidity
Hypertension1.02 (0.94, 1.10)1.02 (0.90, 1.15)
Hyperlipidaemia1.03 (0.94, 1.15)1.08 (0.91, 1.28)
Type 2 diabetes1.03 (0.90, 1.17)0.90 (0.72, 1.11)
Peripheral vascular disease1.30 (1.02, 1.65)0.73 (0.44, 1.20)
Atrial fibrillation0.44 (0.34, 0.57)0.32 (0.21, 0.48)
Myocardial infarction0.97 (0.80, 1.17)1.11 (0.84, 1.48)
Stroke1.15 (0.93, 1.43)0.91 (0.62, 1.34)
Heart failure0.99 (0.76, 1.29)1.10 (0.76, 1.61)
Chronic kidney disease stages 3 to 51.16 (0.98, 1.37)1.29 (1.00, 1.67)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1.35 (1.14, 1.59)1.21 (0.96,1.53)
Chronic liver disease1.79 (1.24,2.59)1.29 (0.81, 2.07)
Malignancy1.30 (1.14, 1.48)1.27 (1.02, 1.57)
Medication use
NSAID use1.26 (1.15, 1.38)1.05 (0.92, 1.21)
Corticosteroid use1.33 (1.16, 1.54)1.22 (1.06, 1.40)
Immunosuppressive medication use1.55 (1.15, 2.10)1.14 (0.99, 1.30)
Statin use0.85 (0.74, 0.98)0.87 (0.68, 1.10)
Antiplatelet therapy0.94 (0.83, 1.07)0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
Warfarin use2.37 (1.88, 3.00)4.20 (2.96, 5.96)
Direct oral anticoagulants2.68 (1.84, 3.91)8.36 (5.40, 12.94)
Hormone replacement therapy*0.77 (0.59, 1.00)1.12 (0.80, 1.56)
Combined oral contraceptive use†1.20 (0.87, 1.66)1.63 (1.10, 2.40)
  • * For females only, HRs were 1.15 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.48) in people without an IMID and 1.11 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.44) in people with an IMID.

  • For females only, HRs were 1.85 (95% CI 1.45 to 2.45) in people without an IMID and 1.64 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.04) in people with an IMID.

  • Values are HRs with 95% CIs.

  • BMI, body mass index; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.