Outcome | Type of intervention | Benefit of intervention compared with control* in n of n selected papers (if applicable: of which n of n SLRs) | Effect size for papers with benefit of intervention† (if available) | RoB (n) | ||
L | M | H | ||||
Self-efficacy122 125 126 130–132 137 144 145 148 152 159 160 162 167 183 185–196 | Self-management programmes‡ | 12/13(4/4) | 0.18–0.39; 0.23–0.67; 0.37; 0.43–0.53; 0.49§; 7.52–8.25 | 2 | 2 | 9 |
Education | 6/6(1/1) | 0.05–0.17; 0.22–0.59; 1.23 | 0 | 1 | 5 | |
Psychological | 2/2(1/1) | 0.20–0.35; 0.45 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Other: | ||||||
- Exercise | 1/1 | 0.44–1.06 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
- Nurse-led follow-up | 1/1(1/1) | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
- Eszopiclone 3 mg | 1/1 | 0.05–0.37 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
- Assistive technology (eye drop dispenser) | 1/1(1/1) | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
- Patient-reported outcome-based telehealth follow-up | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
- Direct access to hospital review through helpline | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Anxiety137 145 162 183 184 187 191–193 | Self-management programs‡ | 1/1 | 0.69–0.71 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Education | 1/3 | 0.039 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Psychological | 1/2(1/1) | 0.17§ | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Other: | ||||||
- Relaxation therapy | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
- Direct access to hospital review through helpline | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Depressive symptoms132 137 145 152 162 183 184 187 191–193 | Self-management programmes‡ | 0/2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Education | 0/3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
Psychological | 3/3(2/2) | 0.15–0.33§; 0.65 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
Other: | ||||||
- Relaxation therapy | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
- Direct access to hospital review through helpline | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
RA knowledge122 167 183 185 189 193 | Self-management programmes‡ | 1/1 | 0.34-0.47 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Education | 2/3(1/1) | 0.84 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
Psychological | No papers | |||||
Other: Web-based rehabilitation | 1/1(1/1) | – | 1 | 0 | 0 |
*Mostly usual care or wait list.
†If different outcome measures were used, the range in effect sizes over these measures is reported.
‡Combination of non-pharmacological interventions.
§Pooled effect size, reported in SLR.
H, high (red); L, low (green); M, moderate (yellow); n, number of papers; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RoB, risk of bias; SLR, systematic literature review.