Patients’ characteristics
| SS (N=77) | NSDS (N=192) | P value (SS vs others) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55 (14.3) | 55.5 (14.9) | 0.8 |
| Gender (women), n (%) | 69 (90) | 172 (90) | 0.45 |
| Sicca syndrome duration (years), mean (SD) | 4.9 (5.2) | 6.2 (6.3) | 0.09 |
| Tobacco consumption, n (%) | 25 (33) | 68 (35) | 0.75 |
| Personal history of autoimmune disease, n (%) | 15 (20) | 34 (18) | 0.87 |
| Familial history of autoimmune disease, n (%) | 14 (18) | 41 (21) | 0.7 |
| Use of dry mouth treatment, n (%) | 13 (17) | 61 (32) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD) | 25.4 (5.7) | 24.2 (4.6) | 0.09 |
| Raynaud phenomenon, n (%) | 20 (26) | 40 (22) | 0.45 |
| Arthralgia, n (%) | 53 (69) | 141 (73) | 0.54 |
| Previous history of lymphoma, n (%) | 2 (3) | 1 (<0.1) | 0.41 |
| Parotitis, n (%) | 26 (34) | 19 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Objective buccal sicca syndrome*, n (%) | 40 (52) | 59 (31) | 0.002 |
| Objective eye sicca syndrome†, n (%) | 61 (79) | 102 (53) | <0.001 |
| ESSPRI, (0–100) mean (SD) | 58 (21) | / | / |
| ESSDAI ≥5, n (%) | 2 (2) | / | / |
| ANA positivity, n (%) | 60 (78) | 67 (35) | <0.0001 |
| SSA positivity, n (%) | 50 (65) | 4 (2) | <0.0001 |
| SSB positivity, n (%) | 20 (26) | 3 (2) | <0.0001 |
| RF positivity, n (%) | 26 (34) | 14 (7) | <0.0001 |
| ACPA positivity, n (%) | 6 (8) | 7 (3.6) | 0.26 |
| C3 (g/L), mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.30 |
| C4 (g/L), mean (SD) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.009 |
| IgG (g/L), mean (SD) | 14.6 (4.7) | 10.9±3 | <0.0001 |
| Chisholm ≥3, n (%) | 53 (69) | 4 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Focus score ≥1, n (%) | 49/72 (68) | 4 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| US scores | |||
| Score 0, n (%) | 22 (29) | 67 (56) | <0.0001 |
| Score 1, n (%) | 16 (21) | 46 (38) | 0.02 |
| Score 2, n (%) | 6 (8) | 6 (5) | 0.6 |
| Score 3 and 3F, n (%) | 33 (43) | 1 (1) | <0.0001 |
*Objectified by unstimulated salivary flow rate test.
†Objectified by Schirmer’s test.
ANA, anti-nuclear antibodies; NSDS, non-Sjögren’s dry syndrome; RF, rheumatoid factor; SS, Sjögren’s syndrome; US, ultrasonography.