Interferon response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Author | Study type | Patients N | Control N | Populations | Cells | RoB |
| Hadjadj et al48 | CyTOF Simoa immunoassay RT-qPCR PBMCs | 50 (15 mild to moderate, 17 severe and 18 critical patients | HD 18 | COVID-19 (mild, moderate and/or severe) vs HD | ↓↓↓ IFN-β mRNA and protein | Low |
| Severe COVID-19 vs HD | ↑genes involved in type I IFN signalling (such as IFNAR1, JAK1 and TYK2) ↓ IFN-stimulated genes (such as MX1, IFITM1 and IFIT2) | |||||
| Severe COVID-19 vs mild/moderate | ↓↓ plasma levels of IFN-α2 protein and IFN activity significantly Lower type I IFN response in severe vs critical patients | |||||
| Zhu et al46 | Multiparametric flow cytometry Patients’ DC cultures | Acute COVID-19 (6 severe and 11 mild) Convalescent COVID-19 (2 severe and 22 mild) | HD | COVID-19 (mild, moderate and/or severe) vs HD , | After stimulation: IFN-α was not induced in 3/3 active patients and 3/4 convalescent patients IFN-β was not increased in 3/3 active patients, rather only slightly elevated in 3/4 convalescent patients indicating a reduced capacity of making antiviral interferon | High |
HD, healthy donor; IFN, interferon; JAK, Janus kinase; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; TYK, tyrosine kinase.