Table 1

Short version of GRADE Summary of Findings

Interventions	Outcomes	Impact	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)
Cognitive–behavioral therapy	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Disease activity	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Impairment/disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Anxiety/depression	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Psychophysiological complains	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Sleep problems	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Self-efficacy/self-helplessness	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Quality of life/health status/social support	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Healthcare use	No effect	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
Response training	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Disease activity	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Impairment/disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Psychophysiological complains	No effect	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Self-Efficacy/self-helplessness	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Quality of life/Health status/Social support	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
Specific interactive disease education	Knowledge	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Disease activity	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Impairment/disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Anxiety/depression	No effect	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Psychophysiological complains	No effect	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Self-efficacy/self-helplessness	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Quality of life/health status/social support	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
Goal setting	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Disease activity	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Impairment/disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Anxiety/depression	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Psychophysiological complains	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Sleep problems	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Self-efficacy/self-helplessness	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Quality of life/health status/social support	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
Problem solving	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Disease activity	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Impairment/disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Anxiety/depression	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Psychophysiological complains	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Sleep problems	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Self-efficacy/self-helplessness	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Quality of life/health status/social support	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Healthcare use	No effect	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
Multicomponent or single exercise/physical activity interventions	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH
	Patient Global Assessment	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	BASDAI	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	BASFI	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
	DAS-28	No effect	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW
Psychosocial interventions	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Psychological status	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Physical activity	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Depression	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Anxiety	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Tender joints	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Coping	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Self-efficacy	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	DAS-28	No effect	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW
Self-management interventions	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁◯◯ LOW
Self-management interventions	Functional disability	No effect	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW
Educational interventions	Pain	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Fatigue	Effective	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW
	Functional disability	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Joint counts	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Patient Global Assessment	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Psychological status	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Depression	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Adherence	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE
	Self-efficacy	Effective	⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence. High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect; Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different; Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect; Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.
BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; DAS-28, Disease Activity Score-28; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation.