Other risk factors which have been reported in individuals at risk of developing RA
| Study | Population | Cohort size | Risk factor | Frequency | Outcome |
| BMI | |||||
| Deane et al59 | ACPA+ subjects without arthritis (some FDRs, some clinic patients and some health fares) | 86 | Those with incident RA had higher BMI (p=0.03) | BL | Development of IA Higher BMI in progressors versus non-progressors (32 vs 27), p=0.03 |
| Serum/Cellular/Genetic | |||||
| Asymptomatic | |||||
| Gan et al52 | Anti-CCP3+ individuals without IA (from health fairs) | 35 | Increased docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 FA) | BL and 6M assessments until IA development | Development of IA HR=0.52 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.98) |
| MSK symptoms without arthritis | |||||
| van Beers-Tas et al50 | Seropositive arthralgia (ACPA and/or RF) | 144 | 14-3-3eta | BL | Development of IA RR=2.5 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.6), p=0.02 |
| van De Stadt et al51 | Seropositive arthralgia (ACPA and/or RF) | 348 | Lower ApoA1 level | BL | Development of IA HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.92) |
| Rakieh et al15 | Anti-CCP+ individuals with non-specific MSK symptoms | 100 | HLA DR shared epitope | BL | Development of IA HR=1.84 (95% CI 1.02 to 3.32) |
| Hunt et al53 | Anti-CCP+ individuals with non-specific MSK symptoms | 103 | Combined clinical and T-cell subset parameters | BL and repeated at 1 year | Development of IA AUC 0.79. PPV 60% and NPV 95% |
| Early clinical arthritis | |||||
| Jacobsen et al64 | Early (<2 years) polyarthritis | 68 | Homozygous for MBL variant alleles | BL | Development of RA OR 4.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 19), p=0.02 |
| Yeo et al55 | UA—early synovitis ≥1 joints with symptoms ≤3 months | 48 | Synovial mRNA and protein expression of CXCL4 and CXCL7 | BL assessment | Development of RA at 18 months Progressors versus non-progressors Increased expression (trend) in progressors |
| BMD | |||||
| Mangnus et al56 | CSA | 108 | BMD loss | BL and one subsequent visit | Development of IA HR 6.1 (95% CI 1.7 to 21.4), p=0.005 |
| de Rooy et al57 | Early UA | 125 | Highly elevated BMD loss (>2.5 mg/cm2/month) | BL and 6 months | Development of RA OR 6.1 (95% CI 1.24 to 29.24) |
HR/OR and CIs have been reported where available.
+, positive; ;A, abstract only; ACPA, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; AUC, area under the curve; BCR, B cell receptor; BL, baseline; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; CXCL, C-X-C motif ligand; FA, fatty acid; FDRs, first-degree relatives; FU, follow-up; HLA-SE, human leucocyte antigen-shared epitope; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C reactive protein; M, months; MBL, mannose binding-lectine; MCP‐1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MSK, musculoskeletal; NAN, native American nations; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RF, rheumatoid factor; ROC, receiving operating characteristics; RR, relative risk.