Procedural protocols for imaging-guided interventions (PICO3)
| Year author | Study design | Procedure | Alternative procedure | Disease | No procedure/ ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE | Intervention (COMPOUND) | SITE | FAVORS procedure* | FAVORS alternative procedure* | No difference between procedures* | RoB† |
| Large joints and periarticular structures | |||||||||||
| 2018 Khallaf67 | RCT | GH approach | SASD approach | adhesive capsulitis | 20/20 | US injection (methylprednisolone, lidocaine) | shoulder | 1 x Safety (12 w) | 2 x Efficacy (12 w) | 1 x Safety (BSL,12w) 3 x Efficacy (BSL,12w) |  |
| 2016 Cho68 | RCT | Intra-articular | Subacromial Bursa or intra-articular and bursa | Frozen shoulder | 36/37 | US injection (triamcinolone, lidocaine) | GH/ Subacromial bursa/both | 1 x Safety (BSL,3,6,12w) 2 x Efficacy (BSL,3,6,12w) | 1 x Safety (BSL,3,6,12w) | 3 x Efficacy (BSL,3,6,12w) |  |
| 2014 Chang22 | RCT | subscapular muscle | scapulothoracic bursa | patients with scapular pain | 18/18 | Subscapular muscle: US injection Scapulothoracic bursa: palpation guidance injection (lidocaine, triamcinolone) | subscapularis muscle/ scapulothoracic bursa | – | – | 2 x Safety (BSL,1,2,3,12w) 1 x Efficacy (1,12 w) |  |
| 2015 Chang69 | Retrospective cross sectional study | Bone (Endplate) Biopsy | Disk Biopsy/ Paravertebral soft tissue Biopsy | Diskitis osteomyelitis | 102 | CT Biopsy | Spine | – | – | 2 x Accuracy (BSL) |  |
| 2015 Althoff65 | Prospective cohort study | intra-articular | peri-articular | Sacroiliitis | 23/7 | CT injection (triamcinolone) | SIJ | 1 x Safety (3,6 m) | – | – |  |
| 2009 Hartung66 | Prospective cohort study | Intra-articular | Periarticular | Acute sacroilitis | 8/12 injections | US Injection (triamcinolone, gadolinium) | SIJ | – | – | 1 x Safety (BSL,24h,4w) |  |
| 2013 Jang71 | RCT | Out of plain US | In plain US | knee OA | 41/44 | Injection (lidocaine, triamcinolone, contrast agent) | knee joint | – | – | 1 x Accuracy (BSL) 1 x Safety (BSL) 1 x Cost/Time (BSL) |  |
| 2011 Park72 | RCT | Medial Portal | Midlateral Portal/ Superolateral Portal | Knee OA | 40/43/43 knees | US injection (lidocaine, triamcinolone, contrast agent) | knee joint | – | – | 1 x Accuracy (BSL) 1 x Safety (4 w) no difference between any group |  |
| 2013 Park70 | RCT | Midmedial Portal | Midlateral Portal/ Superolateral Portal | Knee OA | 40/40/40 knees | US injection (contrast medium, lidocaine, triamcinolone) | knee joint | – | – | 1 x Accuracy (BSL) 1 x Safety (n.a.) no difference between any group |  |
| Small Joints and Periarticular Structures | |||||||||||
| 2013 Sabeti-Aschraf77 | RCT | Intra-articular injection | Periarticular injection | AC joint arthralgia | 53/53 shoulders | US Injection (lidocaine, betamethasone) | AC joints | 1 x Safety (BSL,1h,1,3w) | – | 4 x Safety (BSL,1h,1,3w) |  |
| 2016 Shinomiya76 | RCT | Intra sheath | Extra sheath | Trigger finger | 27 (29 fingers)/28 (32 fingers) | Injection (triamcinolone, mepivacaine) | A1 pulley middle/ ring fingers | – | – | 2 x Safety (BSL,4w) 5 x Efficacy (BSL,4w) | |
| 2018 Mardani-Kivi75 | RCT | Intra sheath | Extra sheath | trigger finger | 83/83 | US injections (methylprednisolone, lidocaine) | A1 pulley flexor tendons | – | – | 1 x Safety (BSL,3,6,12,24,48w) 1 x Efficacy (BSL,3,6,12,24,48w) |  |
| Nerves | |||||||||||
| 2018 Babaei-Ghazani74 | RCT | Above Median nerve | Below Median nerve | CTS | 22/22 | US injection (triamcinolone) | carpal tunnel | – | – | 3 x Safety (BSL,6w,12w) 6 x Efficacy (BSL,6w,12w) |  |
| 2018 Hsu73 | Retrospective cohort study | Intraepineurium | Extraepineurium | CTS | 39/62 wrists | US hydrodissection, injection (llidocaine, triamcinolone) | carpal tunnel | 1 x Safety (2 w) 4 x Efficacy (BSL,2w) | – | 2 x Safety (BSL,2w) 3 x Efficacy (2 w) |  |
| 2019 Rayegani61 | RCT | US ulnar in plane | US midline in plane | CTS | 27/27 | injection (triamcinolone, lidocaine) | carpal tunnel | – | – | 3 x Safety (BSL,10w) 7 x Efficacy (BSL, 10 w) |  |
| 2020 Babaei-Ghazani78 | RCT | US radial approach | US ulnar approach | CTS | 30/30 | injection (triamcinolone) | carpal tunnel | 1 x Safety (12 w) 5 x Efficacy (2,6,12 w) | 1 x Efficacy (12 w) | 3 x Efficacy (BSL, 2,6,12w) |  |
*These columns indicate the number of outcomes studied and their categories (eg, 6 × efficacy indicates that six different outcomes related to the efficacy category were studied), with the respective time point(s) when the outcome was determined (parenthesis). The term ‘BSL’ refers to differences concerning the outcomes at BSL. A detailed description of studies and outcomes can be found in supplement.
†A green, yellow, red and black circle indicate low, moderate, high and critical risk of bias, respectively. In case multiple circles are depicted, certain outcomes within one study had different risk of bias.
AC, acromioclavicular; BSL, baseline; CTS, carpal tunnel syndrome; GH, glenohumeral joint; n.a., not applicable; OA, osteoarthritis; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RoB, Risk of Bias; SASD, subacromial-subdeltoid; SIJ, sacroiliac joint(s); US, ultrasound.;