Outcome | Smoking associated with outcome | Evidence level | Study quality |
Disease activity (SLEDAI) | Adverse association ✓ ✗ | 2A 2A | Moderate Moderate |
Organ damage (SDI) | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Moderate |
Cutaneous damage | SLICC / ACR-DI: Adverse association ✓ SLEDAI-2K ✗ | 2B 2B | Low Low |
Rash | Adverse association ✓ | 2A | Moderate |
Quality of life (SF-36) | Adverse association ✓ | 2A | Moderate |
Interstitial pneumonia | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Moderate |
Severe infections | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Moderate |
Fractures | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Low |
Depression | ✗ | 2B | Low |
Cardiovascular risk factors | Adverse association ✓ | 2A | Moderate |
Cardiovascular events | ✗ | 2B | Moderate |
Thrombotic events | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Low |
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Low |
Coronary artery disease | Adverse association ✓ ✗ | 2B 2B | Low Low |
Myocardial infarction | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Low |
Risk of lung cancer | Adverse association ✓ | 2B | Low |
Risk of cancer | ✗ | 3B | Moderate |
Evidence level: 2A. Evidence from a systematic review of cohort studies; 2B. Evidence from individual cohort studies; 3B. Evidence from individual case-control studies
✓, Evidence for an association between smoking and outcome; ✗, No evidence for an association between smoking and outcome; SDI, Slicc Damage Index Score; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; SLICC/ACR-DI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ American College of Rheumatology Damage Index.