Multivariable Cox regression analysis of MACE in patients with gout with more than 1 year of febuxostat or allopurinol administration after drug discontinuation
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Treatment | ||||
| Allopurinol | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Febuxostat | 1.20 (0.81 to 1.80) | 0.3637 | 1.11 (0.73 to 1.67) | 0.6343 |
| Age (per 10 unit increase) | 1.63 (1.28 to 2.06) | <0.0001 | 1.48 (1.08 to 2.02) | 0.0143 |
| Male | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.57) | 0.7573 | 0.98 (0.55 to 1.74) | 0.9406 |
| Body mass index | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) | 0.0637 | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) | 0.0448 |
| Race or ethnic group | ||||
| White | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Black or African-American | 0.64 (0.34 to 1.20) | 0.1626 | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.40) | 0.3046 |
| Others | 0.42 (0.17 to 1.04) | 0.0604 | 0.58 (0.22 to 1.53) | 0.2682 |
| Smoker | ||||
| Never smoked | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.16 (0.60 to 2.24) | 0.6549 | 1.54 (0.77 to 3.10) | 0.2258 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.18 (0.75 to 1.86) | 0.4712 | 0.96 (0.57 to 1.62) | 0.8920 |
| Drink | ||||
| Never drank | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Current drinker | 0.82 (0.50 to 1.36) | 0.4469 | 0.90 (0.51 to 1.58) | 0.7198 |
| Ex-drinker | 0.93 (0.54 to 1.62) | 0.7975 | 1.02 (0.54 to 1.90) | 0.9572 |
| Baseline glucose (per 10 unit increase) | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.06) | 0.3317 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 0.3041 |
| Baseline LDL (per 10 unit increase) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.06) | 0.9926 | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 0.2314 |
| Baseline SBP (per 10 unit increase) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.22) | 0.0997 | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.28) | 0.1018 |
| Baseline DBP (per 10 unit increase) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | 0.4319 | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.20) | 0.7049 |
| Change in sUA levels* (per 1 mg/dL increase) | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.31) | 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.26) | 0.0069 |
| Stage of chronic kidney disease (eGFR) | ||||
| Stage 1 (90+) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Stage 2 a (75–89) | 1.86 (0.60 to 5.78) | 0.2805 | 1.56 (0.49 to 4.97) | 0.4486 |
| Stage 2b (60–74) | 1.65 (0.55 to 4.90) | 0.3692 | 1.20 (0.39 to 3.71) | 0.7453 |
| Stage 3 a (45–59) | 2.81 (0.99 to 8.00) | 0.0525 | 1.58 (0.52 to 4.76) | 0.4192 |
| Stage 3b (30–44) | 5.44 (1.92 to 15.40) | 0.0014 | 2.58 (0.83 to 8.03) | 0.1008 |
| Stage 4 (15–29) | 6.36 (1.59 to 25.44) | 0.0089 | 3.41 (0.78 to 14.96) | 0.1034 |
| Baseline uroprotein | ||||
| Negative+Trace | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| +1 | 0.94 (0.45 to 1.94) | 0.8593 | 0.95 (0.44 to 2.05) | 0.9037 |
| +2–+4 | 1.34 (0.70 to 2.59) | 0.3805 | 1.03 (0.49 to 2.18) | 0.9431 |
| Duration of gout (per 10 unit increase) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.21) | 0.7757 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.17) | 0.8934 |
| Presence of tophi | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.84) | 0.5023 | 1.23 (0.76 to 2.01) | 0.4023 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors and history | ||||
| DM with small-vessel disease | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.50) | 0.9819 | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.31) | 0.3733 |
| Hypertension | 3.93 (0.97 to 15.94) | 0.0555 | 2.84 (0.68 to 11.84) | 0.1508 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.13 (0.63 to 2.03) | 0.6781 | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.39) | 0.3530 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.36 (0.91 to 2.04) | 0.1301 | 1.14 (0.71 to 1.81) | 0.5876 |
| Hospitalisation for unstable angina | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.55) | 0.9881 | 0.85 (0.53 to 1.37) | 0.5047 |
| Coronary revascularisation | 1.64 (1.10 to 2.44) | 0.0151 | 1.39 (0.87 to 2.23) | 0.1650 |
| Cerebral revascularisation | 3.20 (1.17 to 8.73) | 0.0230 | 2.34 (0.81 to 6.77) | 0.1158 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.99 (1.30 to 3.04) | 0.0015 | 1.44 (0.89 to 2.31) | 0.1372 |
| Stroke | 0.99 (0.56 to 1.75) | 0.9752 | 0.91 (0.50 to 1.67) | 0.7710 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.69 (1.03 to 2.76) | 0.0372 | 1.51 (0.89 to 2.55) | 0.1255 |
| Initial prophylactic medication | ||||
| Colchicine 0.6 mg once a day | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Naproxen 250 mg two times per day+PPI | 0.49 (0.21 to 1.11) | 0.0871 | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.71) | 0.4682 |
| Other+none | 1.18 (0.48 to 2.92) | 0.7145 | 1.40 (0.54 to 3.63) | 0.4873 |
*Change in sUA levels: determined by calculating the difference between baseline and last measured serum uric acid prior to drug discontinuation
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PPI, proton-pump inhibitors; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sUA, serum uric acid.