Multivariable multilevel regression models for the association between gender and disease outcomes (stratified by disease subtype in case of interaction)
| Disease subtype | Determinant of interest | Outcome | |||||
| ASDAS*(0.6–) | BASDAI† (0–10) | BASFI‡ (0–10) | CRP§ (0–) | ASAS HI¶ (0–17) | EQ-5D** (−0.654–1) | ||
| axSpA | Gender (female vs male) | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11) | 0.39 (0.20 to 0.58) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.17) | −1.36 (−3.17 to 0.44) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.10) | −0.02 (−0.03 to –0.01) |
| pSpA | 0.36 (0.15 to 0.58) | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.69) | 0.30 (−0.12 to 0.71) | ||||
| PsA | 0.25 (0.12 to 0.38) | 0.88 (0.59 to 1.16) | 0.46 (0.20 to 0.72) | ||||
All models are adjusted by age, gender and education. Each cell represents the results of one model. All results are expressed in β (95% CI). Estimates with p<0.05 are highlighted in bold. Full models are presented in the online supplemental material.
*Also adjusted for marital status, BMI, smoking, axial involvement, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, fibromyalgia, NSAIDs, steroids, csDMARDs, bDMARDs.
†Also adjusted for marital status, BMI, smoking, axial involvement, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, psoriasis, fibromyalgia, NSAIDs, bDMARDs.
‡Also adjusted for marital status, BMI, ASDAS, radiographic damage, fibromyalgia, NSAIDs, bDMARDs.
§Also adjusted for marital status, BMI, radiographic damage, concomitant NSAIDs, steroids, csDMARDs.
¶Also adjusted for smoking, ASDAS, BASFI, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, fibromyalgia.
**Also adjusted for BMI, smoking, ASDAS, BASFI, radiographic damage, HLA-B27, enthesitis, fibromyalgia.
ASAS HI, Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society Health Index; ASDAS, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; axSpA, axial spondyloarthritis; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; bDMARDs, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; EQ-5D, European Quality of Life Five Dimension; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; pSpA, peripheral spondyloarthritis.