Studies reporting on age, sex, AIM subsets, disease activity/course and pain
| Study | Disease duration (years) | Disease activity | Pain severity* | Findings | |
| SF-36 BP (additive 0–100, norm-based mean 50, SD 10); lower score, more pain | |||||
| Sultan et al26 | N/A | Active disease 21% | Mean 55 | Significantly higher pain in chronic progressive illness compared with relapsing–remitting course (p<0.05), no difference between active and inactive disease | |
| Ponyi et al28 | Median (range) 8.9 (3.0–22.8) | Active disease 13% | Mean±SD DM: 54±18 PM: 58±20 OM: 66±18 | No significant differences in pain between AIM subsets or disease course. No correlation with disease activity. Predictors of more pain: female (β=−15.5, p=0.00), disease duration <5 years (β=−14.2, p=0.001), arthralgias (β=−11.6, p=0.005) and compression fracture/AVN (β−23.9, p=0.002) | |
| Sadjadi et al29 | Mean±SD 4.4±3 | N/A | Mean±SD 69±27 | No significant correlation of pain with age or disease duration, moderate correlation with Beck Depression Inventory scores (values not reported) | |
| Goreshi et al23 | N/A | CDASI (0–100): 20±11 | Norm-based Mean: 50 | No significant correlation between pain and PtGA (r=0.296, p=0.67) | |
| Regardt et al32 | Mean±SD 6.8±5.5 | N/A | Mean±SD All: 58 DM:55 PM: 58 | No significant differences in pain between sex or AIM subsets | |
| Xu et al43 | Median (IQR) 5 (2.5–7.4) | VAS score (0–100) Median (IQR) PhGA: 17 (5–31) PtGA: 29 (11–49) | Mean±SD 63±26 | No significant differences in pain with age, sex, disease duration or AIM subsets; pain correlated weakly with MMT-8 (r=0.30, p=0.03) and moderately with PtGA (r=−0.62, p<0.001); no significant correlation with PhGA | |
| van de Vlekkert et al35 | Median* baseline: 0.3 | Early active disease | Mean 42 | No difference in pain between AIM subsets | |
| Landon-Cardinal et al40 | Mean±SD DM: 3±2 IMNM: 9±8 OM: 3±4 | VAS score (0–10), mean±SD | Mean±SD All: 65±26 DM: 55±24 IMNM: 71±24 OM: 63±28 | No significant difference in pain at baseline between AIM subsets | |
| DM | PhGA: 3±2 | ||||
| IMNM | PhGA: 2±2 | ||||
| OM | PhGA: 3±3 | ||||
| HAQ-Pain Index (0–3); higher score, more pain | |||||
| Christopher-Stine et al18 | Mean±SD 8±7 | In year prior, no flare 22%, 1–3 flares 47%, >4 flares 26% | Mean±SD 1.04±0.87 | Higher mean±SD HAQ-Pain Index scores with increased flare frequency (no flare 0.69±0.83, 1–3 flares 1.02±0.84, >4 flares 1.52±0.78 (p<0.001)) | |
| INQOL score; higher score, more pain | |||||
| Rose et al33 | N/A | N/A | Mean±SD PM/DM: 70±19 IBM: 46±29 All NMD: 42±27 | Pain in NMD significantly correlated (p<0.01) with anxiety (r=0.33), depression (r=0.41) and many IPQ-R domains: identity (r=0.43), consequences (r=0.3), illness coherence (r=0.23), timeline cyclical (r=0.32) and emotional (r=0.35) | |
| NHP score (0–100); higher score, more pain | |||||
| Chung et al19 | Mean (range) DM: 7 (1–26) PM: 7 (1–27) | Acute cases excluded | Mean±SD All: 30±32 DM: 30±31 PM: 31±33 | Worse energy scores were associated with worse pain (β=0.2, p=0.03) | |
| VAS score (0–100); higher score, more pain | |||||
| Mahler et al31 | Median (IQR) 4 (2.5–6.5) | VAS score (0–100) Mean±SD PhGA: 55±8 | Mean±SD 21±21 | After rituximab treatment, pain not significantly reduced while disease activity improved. | |
| Opinc et al38 | <1 year: 13% 1–5 years: 40% >5 years: 47% | N/A | Mean±SD DM: 37±28 PM: 39±29 OM: 38±33 IBM: 22±27 | Pain in IBM significantly lower than other AIM subsets (p<0.05). Mean myalgia value (VAS, 0–10) significantly lower in IBM (3±2) compared with DM (4±2), PM (4±2) and OM (4±2) (p<0.001). | |
*If not shown, measure of dispersion not provided.
AIM, autoimmune inflammatory myopathy; DM, dermatomyositis; HAQ, Health Assessment Questionnaire; IBM, inclusion body myositis; IMNM, immune-mediated necrotising myopathy; INQOL, Individualised Neuromuscular Quality of Life Questionnaire; IPQ-R, Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised; MMT-8, Manual Muscle Testing-8; N/A, not available; NHP, Nottingham Health Profile; NMD, neuromuscular disease; OM, overlap myositis; PhGA, Physician Global Assessment; PM, polymyositis; PtGA, Patient Global Assessment; SF-36 BP, 36-Item Short Form Bodily Pain; VAS, visual analogue scale.