Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients with SLE and general cohort without SLE in the vaccinated and unvaccinated cohort

Variable list	Unvaccinated cohort						Vaccinated cohort
	Before overlap weighting			After overlap weighting			Before overlap weighting			After overlap weighting
	SLE	General cohort	SMD	SLE	General cohort	SMD	SLE	General cohort	SMD	SLE	General cohort	SMD
Number	3245	1 755 034		3233	3233		2860	1 388 093		2848	2848
Demographics
Age, mean (SD), years	58.74 (14.76)	50.32 (17.99)	0.512	58.72 (14.76)	58.72 (17.34)	<0.001	59.52 (14.51)	52.66 (17.87)	0.422	59.52 (14.51)	59.52 (16.71)	<0.001
Women (%)	83.9	50.0	0.771	83.8	83.8	<0.001	83.7	51.8	0.727	83.7	83.7	<0.001
Socioeconomic deprivation index score (%)*			0.054			<0.001			0.051			<0.001
Missing	11.5	12.5		11.5	11.5		10.9	11.5		10.9	10.9
1	14.6	15.1		14.6	14.6		14.4	15.6		14.4	14.4
2	18.7	17.8		18.7	18.7		19.2	19.1		19.2	19.2
3	20.7	19.4		20.7	20.7		20.9	19.9		20.9	20.9
4	18.0	18.9		18.0	18.0		18.4	18.6		18.4	18.4
5	16.5	16.4		16.5	16.5		16.3	15.3		16.3	16.3
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²	28.04 (6.54)	27.72 (6.12)	0.05	28.03 (6.54)	28.05 (6.50)	0.002	28.12 (6.54)	28.03 (6.15)	0.015	28.12 (6.54)	28.25 (6.68)	0.019
BMI, %			0.384			<0.001			0.351			<0.001
<18.5 kg/m²	2.1	1.8		2.1	2.1		2.1	1.6		2.1	2.1
≥18.5 and <25.0 kg/m²	32.2	27.8		32.2	32.2		31.7	26.9		31.7	31.7
≥25.0 and <30.0 kg/m²	28.8	27.8		28.8	28.8		29.4	29.2		29.4	29.4
≥30.0 kg/m²	30.6	24.0		30.6	30.6		31.2	26.2		31.2	31.2
Missing	6.3	18.6		6.4	6.4		5.6	16.1		5.6	5.6
Region, %			0.094			<0.001			0.126			<0.001
England	18.2	18.4		18.2	18.2		15.9	14.2		15.9	15.9
Northern Ireland	13.6	13.2		13.6	13.6		14.0	13.6		13.9	13.9
Scotland	42.9	39.3		42.9	42.9		45.1	41.6		45.1	45.1
Wales	25.2	29.1		25.3	25.3		25.1	30.6		25.1	25.1
Type of first dose vaccination (%)	–	–		–	–				0.245			<0.001
Oxford-AZ	–	–		–	–		67.3	55.7		67.3	67.3
Pfizer	–	–		–	–		31.4	41.9		31.4	31.4
Moderna or Janssen	–	–		–	–		1.3	2.4		1.3	1.3
Type of second dose vaccination (%)	–	–		–	–				0.237			0.035
No second dose	–	–		–	–		5.9	6.9		5.9	5.2
Oxford-AZ	–	–		–	–		63.7	52.9		63.7	64.1
Pfizer	–	–		–	–		29.9	38.5		29.9	30.0
Moderna or Janssen	–	–		–	–		0.6	1.7		0.6	0.7
Number of COVID-19 test, mean (SD)	0.09 (0.28)	0.08 (0.27)	0.03	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	<0.001	0.14 (0.34)	0.14 (0.35)	0.008	0.14 (0.34)	0.14 (0.34)	<0.001
Lifestyle factors
Drinking (%)			0.429			<0.001			0.402			<0.001
None	24.2	15.9		24.2	24.2		24.0	15.4		23.9	23.9
Past	4.0	2.5		4.0	4.0		3.9	2.7		3.9	3.9
Current	65.3	61.9		65.3	65.3		66.2	64.5		66.2	66.2
Missing	6.5	19.7		6.5	6.5		5.9	17.4		6.0	6.0
Smoking (%)			0.294			<0.001			0.276			<0.001
None	50.0	55.0		50.0	50.0		50.0	56.3		50.1	50.1
Past	29.2	22.2		29.2	29.2		29.5	23.6		29.5	29.5
Current	20.1	18.0		20.1	20.1		19.8	16.3		19.8	19.8
Missing	0.8	4.8		0.8	0.8		0.6	3.9		0.6	0.6
Healthcare utilisation within previous year, mean (SD)
Hospitalisations†	0.44 (1.43)	0.21 (0.78)	0.203	0.44 (1.42)	0.44 (2.20)	<0.001	0.43 (1.28)	0.22 (0.80)	0.194	0.42 (1.27)	0.42 (1.73)	<0.001
General practice visits†	4.41 (5.97)	2.03 (3.62)	0.483	4.40 (5.93)	4.40 (14.20)	<0.001	4.04 (5.47)	1.94 (3.62)	0.452	4.03 (5.45)	5.11 (12.96)	<0.001
Specialist referrals†	0.44 (0.97)	0.22 (0.64)	0.274	0.44 (0.96)	0.44 (1.19)	<0.001	0.41 (0.92)	0.22 (0.64)	0.248	0.41 (0.92)	0.41 (1.10)	<0.001

*The socioeconomic deprivation index was measured by the Townsend Deprivation Index, which was grouped into quintiles from 1 (least deprived) to 5 (most deprived).
†Frequency during the past year.
SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SMD, standardised mean difference; BMI, body mass index; AZ, AstraZeneca.