Table 5

Details for withdrawn DMARDs

Molecule	Molecule code	Mechanism of action	Pharmaceutical company/academy	Indications axSpA/PsA	Development phase	Reason for withdrawal	Clinical trial registration no
Methotrexate		Tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor; Thymidylate synthase inhibitor	Rheumatism Foundation Hospital	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT00298012
Hydroxychloroquine		Antimetabolites; Phospholipase A2 inhibitors	Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT01040195
Sulfasalazine		NF-kB inhibitor; anti-inflammatory	Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT01040195
Thalidomide		TNF inhibitor; immunosuppressant; antiangiogenic	Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd	axSpA	II	No information	NCT02201043
Olsalazine		Cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase inhibitor; anti-inflammatory	National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)	axSpA	II	No information	NCT00004288
Dimethyl fumarate controlled release	FP 187	NF E2 related factor 2 stimulants; NF-kappa B inhibitor	Skane University Hospital Forward Pharma	PsA	II	Sponsor priorisation	NCT02475304
Fludarabine		DNA synthesis inhibitor; Immunosuppres-sant	Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals	PsA	II	Toxicity: lymphopenia, infection	NCT00001422
Remtolumab	ABT-122	IL17 inhibitor and TNF-α inhibitor	AbbVie	PsA	II	Lack of efficacy	NCT02429895 NCT02349451
Perakizumab	RO5310074	IL17A inhibitor	Hoffmann-La Roche	PsA	I	No information	NCT01199809
Alefacept		CD2 antigen inhibitor	Astellas Pharma	PsA	II	Sponsor priorisation	NCT00659412
Clazakizumab	BMS-945429	IL6 inhibitor	CSL Behring	PsA	II	Sponsor priorisation	NCT01490450
Tocilizumab		IL6R antagonist	Hoffmann-La Roche	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT01209702
Sarilumab	SAR-153191 REGN-88	IL6R antagonist	Sanofi/ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals	axSpA	II	Lack of efficacy	NCT01061723
Efalizumab		CD11a antigen antagonist	XOMA (US) LLC	PsA	I	Toxicity: risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy	NCT00051662
GSK3050002		CD20 antigen inhibitor	GlaxoSmithKline	PsA	I	Sponsor priorisation	NCT02671188
Rituximab		CD20 antigen inhibitor	Hoffmann-La Roche	axSpA PsA	IIb IIb	Lack of efficacy	NCT00432653 NCT00509678
Teplizumab	hOKT3gamma	CD3 antigen inhibitor	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)	PsA	II	Sponsor priorisation	NCT00239720
Abatacept		CTLA4-Ig T cell activation inhibitor	Bristol-Myers Squibb	axSpA	II	Lack of efficacy	NCT00558506
Ustekinumab		IL-12 and IL-23 p40 inhibitor	Janssen Research & Development	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT02437162
Risankizumab		IL-23 p19 inhibitor	AbbVie	axSpA	II	Lack of efficacy	NCT02047110
Tildrakizumab	SUNPG 1622	IL-23 p19 inhibitor	Sun Pharmaceutical Industries	axSpA	II	Lack of efficacy	NCT02980705
BMS-986251		Selective RORγt inverse agonist	Bristol-Myers Squibb	axSpA	I	Adverse change in the risk/benefit	NCT03329885
BI 730357		RORγT antagonist	Boehringer Ingelheim	axSpA PsA	II II	Sponsor priorisation	EudraCT 2019-001684-77 NCT04680676
Nilotinib	AMN-107	Bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Academic Medical Center, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology	axSpA	II	Lack of efficacy	EudraCT 2010-023185-42
Baricitinib		JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 inhibitor	Eli Lilly and Company	PsA	III	Sponsor priorisation	EudraCT 2016-004675-52
Emprumapimod	ARRY-371797	P38 MAPK inhibitor	Pfizer	axSpA	II	No information	NCT00811499
Apremilast	AMG-407	PDE4 inhibitor	Amgen	axSpA	III	Lack of efficacy	NCT01583374

axSpA, axial spondyloarthritis; DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4; PsA, psoriatic arthritis.