References | Year | Country | Sample size (female/male) | Age (mean±SD or median, IQR) (years) | Duration of RA disease (mean±SD or median, IQR) | Duration of ILD disease (mean±SD or median, IQR) | Follow-up times (mean±SD or median, IQR) | ILD radiological patterns (n) | Other airway disease*, n (%) | Adverse events (n) | Types of ncs- DMARD treatment | Indicators included† | Literature quality evaluation | Score |
Atienza-Mateo et al19 | 2020 | Spain | 5 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | 6.0 (6.0) months | NA | NA | NA | RTX | ① | NOS | 5 |
Cassone et al23 | 2020 | Italy | 44 (32/12) | 65.0 (11) | 89.0 (142.0) months | 20.0 (58.0) months | 26.5 (38.0) months | UIP (19); NSIP (22); others‡ (3) | 10 (22.7) | Non-respiratory infection (1) | ABA | ①③④ | NOS | 8 |
d'Alessandro et al24 | 2020 | Italy | 4 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | 6.0 (6.0) months | UIP (1); NSIP (2); others‡ (1) | NA | None | JAKis | FEV1/FVC | NOS | 6 |
Detorakis et al28 | 2016 | Greece | 42 (27/15) | 60.1±7.9 | 8.9±3.4 years | NA | 12.0 (12.0) months | UIP (22); NSIP (12); others‡ (8) | NA | Respiratory infections (3) | TNFis | ①② | NOS | 8 |
Dixon et al29 | 2010 | Britain | 299 (57/242) | 63.0±10.0 | 12.0 (7.0–20.0) years | NA | 3.8 (2.0–4.7) years | NA | 73 (31.9) | NA | TNFis | ⑤ | NOS | 8 |
Druce et al30 | 2017 | Britain | 352 (198/154) | 62.8±10.5 | 11.1±9.7 years | NA | 801.3 (NA) person-years | NA | 98 (27.8) | NA | RTX, TNFis | ⑤ | NOS | 8 |
Duarte et al31 | 2019 | Britain | 26 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | 23.3 (6.0–36.0) months | UIP (4); NSIP (10); others‡ (3) | NA | NA | RTX | ①④ | NOS | 7 |
Fernández-Diaz et al20 | 2020 | Spain | 263 (150/113) | 64.6±10.0 | 9.7±8.7 years | 1.0 (0.3–3.4) years | 12.0 (6.0–36.0) months | UIP (106); NSIP (84); others‡ (73) | NA | Respiratory infections (25); other infections (3); infusion reaction (1) | ABA | ①③④⑤ | NOS | 8 |
Fui et al25 | 2019 | Italy | 14 (NA) | 62.6±3.2 | NA | NA | 12.0 (12.0) months | UIP (9); NSIP (3); others‡ (2) | NA | Non-respiratory infection (1); hypogammaglobulinaemia (1) | RTX | ①②③ | NOS | 7 |
Koo et al33 | 2015 | Korea | 24 (21/3) | 68.5±14.8 | 107.8±51.1 months | NA | 19.0 (2.0–58.0) months | UIP (5); NSIP(NA); others‡ (NA) | 1 (4.2) | NA | TNFis | ⑤ | NOS | 7 |
Kurata et al34 | 2019 | Japan | 23 (NA) | NA | NA | NA | 70.9±73.4 weeks | NA | 6 (26.1) | NA | bDMARDs | ④ | NOS | 8 |
Manfredi et al26 | 2019 | Italy | 28 (18/10) | 64.0 (15.0) | 11.5 (13.0) years | 12.0 (34.0) months | 30.0 (44.0) months | UIP (14); NSIP (13); others‡ (1) | NA | NA | TCZ | ①③④ | NOS | 8 |
Matteson et al35 | 2012 | USA | 10 (6/4) | 64.7±9.3 | 13.8±10.9 years | 3.2±1.9 years | 48.0 (48.0) weeks | UIP (4); NSIP (6) | NA | NA | RTX | ①③④ | NOS | 7 |
Mena-Vázquez et al21 | 2022 | Spain | 19 (13/6) | 67.7±9.7 | 151.0 (8.0–240.4) months | 82.2 (37.4–120.1) months | 45.3 (22.2–79.9) months | UIP (14); NSIP (5) | NA | Respiratory infections (13); other infections (5) | RTX | ①②③④⑤ | NOS | 9 |
Narváez et al22 | 2020 | Spain | 31 (18/13) | 61.0±12.0 | 48.0 (19.0–116.0) months | 21.0 (9.0–38.0) months | 24.0 (24.0) months | UIP (13); NSIP (10); others‡ (8) | NA | Respiratory and other infections (10); hypogammaglobulinaemia (9) | RTX | ①③④ | NOS | 7 |
Tardella et al27 | 2022 | Italy | 75 (52/23) | 59.5±7.7 | 7.5±3.2 years | NA | 18.0 (18.0) months | NA | NA | NA | ABA, JAKis | ①③④ | NOS | 7 |
Yusof et al32 | 2017 | Britain | 56 (36/30) | 64.0 (59.0–72.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) years | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) years | 195 (NA) person-years | UIP (20); NSIP (33); others‡ (3) | NA | Respiratory infections (11); other infections (4); thromboembolism (2); acute coronary syndrome (2); malignancy (3); other hospitalisation§ (44) | RTX | ①③④⑤ | NOS | 8 |
*Other airway diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma and tuberculosis.
†① FVC; ② FEV1; ③ DLCO; ④ changes of HRCT; ⑤ fatality rate.
‡Others including organising pneumonia, cryptogenic organising pneumonia, pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, bronchiolitis obliterans, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, mixed patterns, etc.
§Other hospitalisation including orthopaedics surgery (elective), lung flare, arthritis flare, gastrointestinal surgery, palliative care and seizure.
ABA, abatacept; bDMARDs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; DLCO, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HRCT, high-resolution CT; ILD, interstitial lung disease; JAKis, Janus kinase inhibitors; NA, not applicable; ncs-DMARD, non-conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; NSIP, non-specific interstitial pneumonia; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RTX, rituximab; TCZ, tocilizumab; TNFis, tumour necrosis factor inhibitors; UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia.