Table 1

Included cases with the underlying disease

Autoimmune diseaseNo of patients
HaematologicalTotal33 (40%)
Idiopathic-acquired pure red cell aplasia1
Immune thrombocytopaenic purpura8
Acquired immune mediated thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura9
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia4
Acquired haemophilia A9
Red blood cell antibodies (inducing haemolytic transfusion reaction in sickle cell disease)1
Idiopathic cold agglutinin disease1
RheumatologicalTotal19 (23%)
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy3 with:
2 MDA5-positive dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease
1 SRP-positive immune mediated necrotising myopathy
Systemic lupus erythematosus10 with:
7 lupus nephritis
2 autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
1 cerebral vasculitis
ANCA-associated vasculitis4 with:
1 MPO-positive microscopic polyangiitis
3 PR3-positive granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Primary Sjögren’s disease2 with:
1 cryoglobulinaemia
1 hyperchylomicronaemia
NephrologicalTotal21 (25%)
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome14
PLA2R-positive membranous nephropathy1
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis3
Minimal change disease3
NeurologicalTotal8 (10%)
Autoimmune encephalitis6 with
2 NMDA-R-positive
2 CASPR2-positive
2 without antibody
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy1
Seronegative myasthenia gravis1
OtherTotal2 (2%)
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome1
Anti-IFNγ antibodies and severe mycobacterium avium infection1
  • ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; CASPR2, contactin associated protein-like 2; IFN, interferon; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NMDA-R, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; PLA2R, phospholipase A2 receptor; PR3, proteinase 3; SRP, signal recognition particle.