Associations between any preceding sinusitis and incident rheumatic disease, stratified by smoking status
| Rheumatic disease | Adjusted* OR for disease (95% CI) | |
| Never smokers (n=2837) | Ever smokers (n=3806) | |
| Any rheumatic disease | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.6) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) |
| Seropositive | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.7) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Seronegative | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.9) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.8) |
| Spondyloarthritis | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.7) | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.1) |
| Ankylosing spondylitis† | 2.2 (0.4 to 13) | 2.6 (0.3 to 20) |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.4) | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.1) |
| Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.3) | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.1) |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome† | N/A | 1.7 (0.3,11) |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 2.1 (0.7 to 6.1) | 2.9 (1.0 to 8.2) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus† | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.9) | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.6) |
| Systemic sclerosis† | 3.4 (0.5 to 23) | 1.3 (0.2 to 8.1) |
| Vasculitis | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) |
| ANCA-associated vasculitis† | 2.3 (0.4 to 14) | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.1) |
| Giant cell arteritis | 1.2 (0.4 to 4.1) | 1.4 (0.3 to 5.6) |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.9) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) |
*Reference group was individuals with no sinusitis codes prior to index date. Adjusting for age, sex, electronic health record history, race and ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status. Bold values were statistically significant.
†Unadjusted conditional logistic regression due to small sample size.