Association between preceding sinusitis and incident rheumatic disease
| Rheumatic disease | Any sinusitis, n (%) | Adjusted OR* for rheumatic disease by exposure | |||
| Cases | Controls | Any sinusitis (n=6916) | Acute sinusitis (n=6432) | Chronic sinusitis (n=6413) | |
| Any rheumatic disease | 229 (13) | 503 (10) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 97 (14) | 235 (11) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) |
| Seropositive | 61 (13) | 160 (12) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) |
| Seronegative | 36 (15) | 75 (11) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.3) | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.1) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) |
| Spondyloarthritis | 17 (15) | 37 (11) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.0) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.9) |
| Ankylosing spondylitis† | 5 (23) | 8 (12) | 2.4 (0.6 to 9.2) | 2.2 (0.5 to 9.0) | 8.6 (0.9 to 79) |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 12 (13) | 29 (11) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 1.3 (0.6 to 3.0) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) |
| Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease | 37 (18) | 58 (10) | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.5) | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) | 2.6 (1.5 to 4.5) |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome† | 7 (27) | 3 (4) | 7.0 (1.8 to 27) | N/A | 6.0 (1.5 to 24) |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 16 (22) | 24 (11) | 2.4 (1.1 to 5.3) | 2.4 (1.0 to 5.9) | 2.5 (0.9 to 6.7) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus† | 3 (7) | 17 (13) | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.8) | N/A | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.7) |
| Systemic sclerosis† | 4 (14) | 8 (9) | 1.7 (0.4 to 6.8) | 1.5 (0.3 to 7.2) | 1.7 (0.4 to 7.9) |
| Vasculitis | 78 (11) | 173 (8) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| ANCA-associated vasculitis† | 6 (16) | 13 (11) | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.4) | 1.6 (0.4 to 5.9) | 2.1 (0.6 to 6.9) |
| Giant cell arteritis | 9 (11) | 21 (9) | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.3) | 1.3 (0.4 to 4.5) | 1.3 (0.4 to 4.5) |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | 63 (10) | 139 (8) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) |
*Reference group was individuals with no sinusitis codes prior to index date. Adjusting for age, sex, electronic health record history, race and ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status. Bold values were statistically significant.
†Unadjusted conditional logistic regression due to small sample size.
ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; N/A, not applicable due to insufficient exposures.