Table 1

Patient’s characteristics at EV infection onset

All cases
N=26
Original cases
N=9
Published cases
N=17
Female19 (73%)6 (67%)13 (76%)
IMIDs
Rheumatoid arthritis7 (27%)3 (33%)4 (24%)
Vasculitis4 (15%)2 (22%)2 (12%)
Primary autoimmune cytopenia4 (15%)04 (24%)
Multiple sclerosis3 (12%)2 (22%)1 (6%)
Systemic lupus2 (8%)1 (11%)1 (6%)
Minimal change disease2 (8%)02 (12%)
Others*4 (15%)1 (11%)3 (18%)
Age at IMID diagnosis, years (IQR) (n=23/9/14)22 (15–29)26 (16–30)19 (14–24)
IMID duration, years (IQR) (n=23/9/14)7 (5–12)9 (8–20)6 (4–7)
Prior notable infection1 (4%)1 (11%)0
Biological characteristics
Gammaglobulin or IgG level (g/L), median (IQR) (n=23/9/14)4.9 (4.3–6.7)5.0 (4.4–7.0)4.9 (4.2–6.0)
IgM level (g/L), median (IQR) (n=11/5/6)0.20 (0.12–0.45)0.30 (0.2–0.4)0.17 (0.11–0.43)
IgA level (g/L), median (IQR) (n=11/5/6)0.79 (0.50–1.07)1.1 (0.8–1.5)0.50 (0.33–0.90)
CD19+ B cells (/mm3), median (IQR) (n=20/8/12)0 (0–0)0 (0–0)0 (0–0)
Treatments
Number of lines of treatment before anti-CD20 mAbs, median (IQR)1 (0–3)1 (0–3)1 (1–3)
Number of previous anti-CD20 mAbs infusions, median (IQR) (n=22/8/14)8 (5–10)8 (6–9)8 (5–10)
Time since last anti-CD20 mAbs infusion, months (IQR) (n=21/9/12)6 (3–13)4 (3–7)8 (4–14)
Steroid treatment (>10 mg/day for >2 weeks in the last year)4/19 (21%)3/9 (33%)1/10 (10%)
Associated immunosuppressive treatment4 (15%)1 (11%)3 (18%)
Methotrexate2 (8%)1 (11%)1 (6%)
Azathioprine1 (4%)01 (6%)
TNF inhibitor1 (4%)1 (11%)0
Leflunomide1 (4%)01 (6%)
Hydroxychloroquine2 (8%)02 (12%)
  • When data were missing, the number of cases for which the data were available is indicated.

  • Normal IgG level: 7–13 g/L; normal IgM level: 0.5–2.1 g/L; normal IgA level: 0.7–3.4 g/L.

  • *Consisting of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (n=1), psoriatic arthritis (n=1), anti-MOG-associated disease (n=1) and Devic’s disease (n=1).

  • EV, enterovirus; IMID, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.