Psychological correlates of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review
Introduction
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects 0.2–1.2% of the adult population (Alamanos et al., 2006). RA is progressive and primarily affects the joints, leading to increased pain, functional disability and joint destruction (Kvien, 2004). In addition to the impact RA has on joints and physical disability, there are other extra-articular manifestations which can also contribute to poor patient outcomes. RA significantly impacts quality of life, with RA patients showing notably lower fatigue-related quality-of-life in comparison to the general population (Matcham et al., 2014). Fatigue is reported in over 80% of RA patients (Belza, 1995, Belza et al., 1993, Pollard et al., 2006). More conservative estimates are still high: approximately 40% of RA patients experience persistent fatigue over one year (Repping-Wuts et al., 2007) and 57% of RA patients identify fatigue as the most problematic symptom of their condition (Wolfe et al., 1996).
Fatigue is often experienced in healthy people (Pawlikowska et al., 1994); it is usually transient and can be caused by a lack of sleep or high stress levels (Loge et al., 1998). In the general population, fatigue is a universal symptom, existing on a spectrum of severity and chronicity, at one end of which patients have persistent fatigue, contributing to substantial impairment. Qualitative studies have revealed that despite fatigue being the most problematic symptom for the majority of patients with RA, patients' experiences are that this is often dismissed by healthcare professionals (Hewlett et al., 2005). Furthermore, despite the high prevalence of fatigue in RA, and the clear impact fatigue has on patients' well-being, fatigue is infrequently reported in RA trials (Kalyoncu et al., 2009). Fatigue in RA tends to be chronic and is associated with increased levels of pain and depression, and reduced functional status and quality-of-life (Mayoux-Benhamou, 2006, Rupp et al., 2004, van Hoogmoed et al., 2010).
A recent review examining variables relating to fatigue in RA found that the most consistent relationships were between fatigue and pain, disability and depression (Nikolaus et al., 2013). Whilst this review examined a broad range of variables relating to fatigue, there was limited focus on social and behavioural variables. In their guidelines for the for management of early rheumatoid arthritis, Luqmani et al. (2006) report that the strong associations between fatigue and reduced quality-of-life and increased work dysfunction highlight a need for further research establishing the course of fatigue in RA and developing effective treatment strategies for fatigue management.
Meta-analysis evidence suggest that biotherapies have small-to-moderate effects on fatigue outcomes (Chauffier et al., 2012). This systematic review found an overall effect size of 0.45 (95%CI: 0.31-0.58) when comparing all disease modifying RA drugs with placebo. There is currently no systematic review examining the impact of other pharmacological interventions (such as antidepressants) on fatigue outcomes in RA. Psychological factors may also help to identify patients at risk of reduced fatigue biotherapy response (Druce et al., 2014). A focus on the psychological variables associated with fatigue may be crucial not only for developing psychological interventions for fatigue, but also for identifying patients who may not benefit from traditional biotherapy for fatigue.
There is some evidence to suggest that psychological interventions may improve fatigue outcomes (Cramp et al., 2013, Hewlett et al., 2011). A conceptual, dynamic model of fatigue incorporating disease-related factors (such as inflammation and medication), personal factors (social support and work environment), and cognitive behavioural factors (including thoughts and feelings), has been developed (Hewlett et al., 2011b). However in comparison to other physical conditions, there has been limited systematic assessment of the psychological variables associated with fatigue in RA, and until such a review is conducted, the most useful target variables for intervention in this population remain unknown.
The aim of this review is to identify studies assessing psychological factors which may be associated with, predict or explain fatigue outcomes in RA. The aims are: a) to ascertain the strength of evidence for relationships between psychological variables and fatigue in RA; b) to map identified psychological variables onto commonly used models of chronic fatigue, in an attempt to clarify the most useful target variables for interventions; and c) to identify methodological issues and gaps in literature the with the aim to advise the direction of future research. For the purposes of this review, psychological factors are defined as variables which relate to behaviours, feelings, thoughts and attitudes which would be modifiable for the purposes of intervention, or which may moderate the effects of treatment.
Section snippets
Search strategy and selection criteria
The systematic review protocol and data extraction forms were designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Moher et al., 2009). Electronic databases (PsychINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL) were systematically searched from inception to March 2013, using customised search terms for each database. Search terms involved combining key word searches for fatigue (“Fatigue” or “tiredness”), the terms “determine$”, “predict$” or
Results
In the following results section, we present the following information:
- 1.
Results of the systematic search and characteristics of included studies
- 2.
Description of the identified psychological variables and allocation into categories
- 3.
Affect and common mental disorder
- 4.
RA-related cognitions
- 5.
Non-RA-related cognitions
- 6.
Personality Traits
- 7.
Stress and Coping
- 8.
Social Support and Interpersonal relationships
Summary of findings
The aim of this review was to identify studies of psychological variables and their associations with fatigue in RA. A systematic search of the literature revealed several psychological correlates of fatigue which were grouped into six categories: affect and common mental disorders, RA-related cognitions, non-RA related cognitions, personality traits, stress and coping, and social support and interpersonal relationships.
There was some evidence to support the link between mood and fatigue, with
Conclusions
This review has shown that fatigue in RA is associated with a number of psychological, social and disease-related factors. These relationships have been illustrated in the form of a cognitive-behavioural model of fatigue in RA. Longitudinal studies are needed in order to understand the nature of fatigue in RA and any causal relationships with psycho-social factors. Individuals with RA fatigue may benefit from pharmacological and psychological interventions which target these factors.
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