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Psoriasis

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder with cutaneous and systemic manifestations and substantial negative effects on patient quality of life. Psoriasis has a strong, albeit polygenic, genetic basis. Whereas approximately half of the accountable genetic effect of psoriasis maps to the major histocompatibility complex, >70 other loci have been identified, many of which implicate nuclear factor-κB, interferon signalling and the IL-23–IL-23 receptor axis. Psoriasis pathophysiology is characterized by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and immune cell infiltration in the dermis and epidermis involving the innate and adaptive immune systems, with important roles for dendritic cells and T cells, among other cells. Frequent comorbidities are rheumatological and cardiovascular in nature, in particular, psoriatic arthritis. Current treatments for psoriasis include topical agents, photo-based therapies, traditional systemic drugs and biologic agents. Treatments can be used in combination or as monotherapy. Biologic therapies that target specific disease mediators have become a mainstay in the treatment of moderate-to-severe disease, whereas advances in the treatment of mild-to-moderate disease have been limited.

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Figure 1: Skin manifestations of psoriasis.
Figure 2: Global prevalence of psoriasis.
Figure 3: Evidence of systemic inflammation in patients with psoriasis.
Figure 4: Mechanisms of psoriasis.
Figure 5: Skin biopsy obtained from a patient with psoriasis vulgaris.
Figure 6: Clinical markers of psoriasis.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the late Dr T. Henseler for his pivotal early genetic and epidemiological research and his contribution to the psoriasis field.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Introduction (J.E.G. and A.B.G.); Epidemiology (J.J.W.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (A.M.G. and A.B.G.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (A.M.G., J.T.E., D.D.G. and N.N.M.); Management (M.G.L.); Quality of life (A.Y.F.); Outlook (J.E.G. and A.B.G.); Overview of Primer (A.B.G., J.E.G. and A.M.G.).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alice B. Gottlieb.

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J.T.E. is currently serving as a scientific advisor for Janssen, a division of Johnson and Johnson. Since 2013 he has also served as a consultant or scientific advisor for Janssen, Novartis and Lilly and as a consultant for Pfizer. M.G.L. is an employee of Mount Sinai, which receives research funds from Amgen, Anacor, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen Biotech, Kadmon, LEO Pharmaceuticals, Medimmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharmaceuticals and Valeant. D.D.G. has consulted and/or received grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. J.J.W. has received research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Coherus Biosciences, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sandoz and Sun Pharmaceuticals; he is a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sun Pharmaceuticals and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. All funds go to his employer. N.N.M. is a full-time US Government employee and Chief of the Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. A.Y.F. has consultancy agreements with Novartis and received honoraria for advisory boards with Novartis, Galderma, Napp, Sanofi, Eli Lilly and Janssen, which funded a recent Cardiff University Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) research project, in which he is a joint inventor and receives royalties. A.B.G. has current consulting and/or advisory board agreements: Amgen Inc., Astellas, Akros, Centocor (Janssen), Inc., Celgene Corp., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Beiersdorf, Inc., Abbott Labs (AbbVie), TEVA, Actelion, UCB, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Dermipsor Ltd., Incyte, Pfizer, Canfite, Lilly, Coronado, Vertex, Karyopharm, CSL Behring Biotherapies for Life, GlaxoSmithKline, Xenoport, Catabasis, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, Takeda, Mitsubishi, Tanabe Pharma Development America, Inc, Genentech, Baxalta, Kineta One, KPI Therapeutics, Crescendo Bioscience, Aclaris, Amicus, Reddy Labs. Research and/or educational grants (paid to Tufts Medical Center) until 5 November 2016, then none: Centocor (Janssen), Amgen, Abbott (AbbVie), Novartis, Celgene, Pfizer, Lilly, Levia, Merck, Xenoport, Dermira, Baxalta. J.E.G. and A.M.G. declare no competing interests.

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Greb, J., Goldminz, A., Elder, J. et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16082 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.82

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