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Abstract
Objectives To evaluate prospectively the effect of weight loss on the achievement of minimal disease activity (MDA) in overweight/obese patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) starting treatment with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers.
Methods Among subjects with PsA starting treatment with TNFα blockers, 138 overweight/obese patients received a concomitant dietary intervention (69 a hypocaloric diet (HD) and 69 a free-managed diet (FD)). Changes in metabolic variables were measured and a complete clinical rheumatological evaluation was made in all patients at baseline and after a 6-month follow-up to define the achievement of MDA.
Results 126 subjects completed the study. MDA was more often achieved by HD than by FD subjects (HR=1.85, 95% CI 1.019 to 3.345, p=0.043). A diet was successful (≥5% weight loss) in 74 (58.7%) patients. Regardless of the type of diet, after 6 months of treatment with TNFα blockers, ≥5% of weight loss was a predictor of the achievement of MDA (OR=4.20, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.66, p<0.001). For increasing weight-loss categories (<5%, 5–10%, >10%), MDA was achieved by 23.1%, 44.8% and 59.5%, respectively. A higher rate of MDA achievement was found in subjects with 5–10% (OR=3.75, 95% CI 1.36 to 10.36, p=0.011) and in those with >10% (OR=6.67, 95% CI 2.41 to 18.41, p<0.001) weight loss in comparison with those with <5% weight loss.
Conclusions Regardless of the type of diet, a successful weight loss (≥5% from baseline values) is associated with a higher rate of achievement of MDA in overweight/obese patients with PsA who start treatment with TNFα blockers.
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Disease Activity
- TNF-alpha
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Introduction
Patients with rheumatic diseases, such as psoriatic arthritis (PsA), have an enhanced prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and of its major features.1 In particular, the prevalence of obesity is abnormally high in patients with PsA.2 ,3 In a large population of 75 395 individuals with psoriasis, obesity has been associated with a high risk of incident PsA.4 Obesity, which leads to changes in levels of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6) and ‘adipokines’ (leptin, adiponectin), is associated with a low-grade chronic systemic inflammation.5–7 On the other hand, monocytes, CD4 T lymphocytes and most proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) that play a central role in the pathophysiology of major arthritides,8–10 are also involved in the induction and maintenance of the atherosclerotic process.11–13
Thus, in obese patients with PsA, the obesity-related inflammatory status may acts synergistically with the immunity-related inflammation.14 ,15 Further supporting this hypothesis, obesity has been recently shown to be a negative predictor of success of a treatment with TNFα blockers in patients with PsA.16
Given that caloric restriction lowers inflammatory cytokines levels in obese subjects,17–19 in this prospective study we evaluated whether the adherence to a hypocaloric diet affects the clinical outcome of patients with PsA starting treatment with TNFα blockers (primary endpoint). In addition, we evaluated the relationship between the extent of weight loss and clinical response to TNFα blockers.
Methods
During a 30-month period (January 2009–July 2011), all patients with a diagnosis of PsA (CASPAR criteria),20 for whom treatment with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) had failed and who were referred to the psoriatic arthritis clinic of the Federico II University of Naples to start treatment with TNFα blockers, were screened for inclusion in this study. All patients were classified into clinical subsets (axial, peripheral, axial+peripheral, mutilans) according to standard criteria.21 ,22
Exclusion criteria were lack of written informed consent; age <18 years, previous treatment with TNFα blockers, current treatment with corticosteroids, history of arterial or venous thrombosis, malignancy, haematological/oncological diseases, autoimmune diseases other than PsA, unstable medical conditions, ongoing pregnancy.
After approval of the local ethics committee and after receipt of written informed consent, 138 overweight/obese patients with PsA were included in this study. None had received any dietary advice before study entry. Information about age, gender, height, weight, disease duration, disease activity, vascular risk factors and previous and/or current treatments was collected from all patients according to standard procedures.23
Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30; obesity was defined as a BMI >30 and/or a waist circumference >102 cm for men and of 88 cm for women.16 ,24 The presence of a treatment for hypertension, hyperlipidaemia or impaired fasting glucose was recorded. When needed, appropriate adjustments for such treatments were made before study entry.
At the time of enrolment, a randomly generated number sequence was used to randomise patients to receive a hypocaloric diet (HD group) or a free self-managed diet (FD group).
HD was designed to produce a caloric restriction of about 30% of total energy requirements.17 It included the restriction of calorie intake to <1500 kcal/day, restriction of fat intake to 30–35% of total daily energy uptake (reservation of 10% for monounsaturated fatty acids, eg, olive oil), avoidance of trans fats, high-fibre uptake (to 30 g/day) and the avoidance of liquid monosaccharides and disaccharides. In the FD arm, although there was no quantitative food restriction, all patients were advised to eat no more than two pieces of fresh fruit daily and to use no more than two spoons daily of olive oil; to avoid saturated fats; to increase the daily use of vegetables and to eat more fish (at least 1 portion/week).
After baseline evaluation (T0), rheumatological outcomes of patients were evaluated monthly and nutritional and cardiometabolic status every other month, with a total follow-up of 6 months (T1).
Nutritional data, recorded in 7-day nutritional diaries,25 were evaluated every other month to assess mean calories intakes and adherence to the nutritional intervention. Diet schedule and nutritional data were managed by a physician (RL) trained in human nutrition and blinded to the rheumatological disease activity. Every other month hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, impaired fasting glucose, height, weight, BMI and waist circumference were evaluated in all patients. According to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines, dietary intervention was defined as ‘successful’ if the original weight was reduced by 5–10% within 6 months.26 Given the recognised intraindividual variability in triglycerides (20%) and in total cholesterol (10%) levels (owing to analytical variation, physical activity and seasonal variation), only changes above these cut-off points were considered significant.27 Significant changes in fasting glucose were those >10%,28 and reductions >20 mm Hg for systolic and >10 mm Hg for diastolic arterial blood pressure were considered significant.29
During the 6-month follow-up, all patients with PsA underwent a monthly rheumatological evaluation including tender joint count (TJC), swollen (SJC) joint count, tender entheseal count, Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS), patient global disease activity VAS score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients were classified as having achieved minimal disease activity (MDA) only when fulfilling five of the following seven outcome measures at T1: TJC ≤1; SJC ≤1; PASI ≤1 or body surface area ≤3; VAS for pain ≤15; patient global disease activity VAS score of ≤20; HAQ ≤0.5 and tender entheseal points ≤1.30
Rheumatological assessments were performed by a trained staff (RP and SI) blinded to the nutritional schedule of each subject. No physiotherapy or rehabilitation was carried out in enrolled patients throughout the study period.
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed with the SPSS 16 system (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous data were expressed as mean±SD; categorical variables were expressed as a percentage. The t test and the χ2 test were performed to compare continuous and categorical data, respectively. When the minimum expected value was <5, the Fisher exact test was used. The study population was stratified into categories according to percentage changes (Δ%) of weight loss (<5%, 5–10%, >10%). To evaluate the cumulative hazard of achieving MDA as related to type of diet, a Cox regression model (stepwise method) was adopted. In a post hoc analysis, the effect of body weight changes on achievement of MDA was evaluated by a logistic regression model (stepwise method). Both in Cox analysis and in the logistic regression, the achieving of MDA was the dependent variable; type of diet, weight loss, compliance with diet, TJC, SJC, tender entheseal count, PASI, HAQ, VAS for pain, patient global VAS, ESR, CRP, gender, age, disease duration, disease subset, concomitant treatment with methotrexate (MTX), smoking habits, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypertension (and their changes during follow-up) were independent variables. A multicollinearity effect in multivariable regression models was excluded by a stepwise approach, variables being included for p<0.05, excluded for p>0.1. A tolerance test excluded models in which the sum of the values exceeded the sum of the variances for all variables. All the results are given as two-tailed values with statistical significance for p values <0.05. For a study with a >1.55 minimal predefined HR between the two diet protocols for the achievement of MDA, and a 1 : 1 ratio between subjects in the two study arms, at least 61 subjects for each diet group are needed to obtain a >80% power with a 5% α error.
Results
Of the 138 subjects enrolled, 12 were excluded because of missing nutritional diary data (three HD subjects); premature (before 6 months) withdrawing of TNFα blocker treatment (two HD and one FD subject) and missing follow-up visit (one HD and five FD subjects). Baseline clinical and demographic data of the 126 subjects who completed the study are reported in table 1. Of these, 36.2% were taking statins, 24.3% ω-3 fatty acids, 19.6% oral hypoglycaemic agents and 18.1% antihypertensive drugs. All 126 patients had active disease at the time of enrolment. The type of TNFα blocker drug used was as follows: 59 (46.8%) etanercept (50 mg/week); 33 (26.2%) adalimumab (40 mg every other week) and 34 (27.0%) infliximab (3 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2 and 6 and every 8 weeks thereafter). A concomitant treatment with MTX (10–15 mg/week) was found in 37 (29.4%) patients. With the exception of infliximab, the dosage of which was modified according to body weight changes, no variation in the dosing/scheduling of other drugs was made during the observation period. No significant changes occurred in the treatment schedules of antihypertensive drugs, statins, and intake of ω-3 fatty acids or hypoglycaemic agents.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population
6-Month follow-up
During the follow-up, a successful diet (≥5% weight loss) was achieved by 74 (58.7%) subjects, the remaining 52 subjects experiencing a <5% weight loss (n=41) or ≈2 kg weight gain (n=11). In more detail, a 5–10% weight reduction was achieved by 48 (38.1%) patients and a ≥10% weight loss was achieved by 26 patients (20.6%) patients.
In parallel, significant changes (see ‘Methods’ section) in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose and arterial blood pressure were found in 33 (26.2%), 34 (27.0%), 27 (21.4%) and 18 (14.3%) patients, respectively. Compared with baseline, TJC, SJC, tender entheseal count, PASI, HAQ, VAS, patient global VAS, CRP and ESR changed significantly during the 6 months’ follow-up (figure 1). Overall, 49 (38.9%) patients with PsA achieved the MDA. Stratifying for TNFα blocker drug, MDA was achieved by 26/59 (44.1%) patients receiving etanercept, by 11/33 (33.3%) of those receiving adalimumab and by 12/34 (35.3%) of those receiving infliximab (p for trend 0.527). Concomitant treatment with MTX was present in 10 (20.4%) of patients achieving MDA and in 27 (35.1%) of those that did not (p=0.108).
Changes in rheumatological clinical outcome measures from baseline (T0) to the 6-month (T1) visit. p Values are for paired sample t test; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HAQ, Health Assessment Questionnaire; PASI, Psoriasis Area Severity Index; SJC, swollen joint count; TEC, tender entheseal count; TJC, tender joint count; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale for pain. VAS and global VAS are reported in centimetres in this figure.
Effects of the dietary intervention
During the follow-up, periodic evaluations of the nutritional diaries showed that a mean caloric restriction ≥30% of total energy requirements was achieved by 41 (65.1%) HD subjects and by 26 (41.3%) FD subjects. Of the 74 patients experiencing a ≥5% weight loss, 49 belonged to the HD and 25 to the FD group (p<0.001). After adjusting for clinical and demographic data, HD subjects were more likely to achieve a ≥5% weight loss than FD subjects (HR=3.23, 95% CI 1.93 to 5.39, p<0.001).
Among those with significant changes in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose and arterial blood pressure only 6.1%, 23.6%, 14.8%, 16.7%, respectively, belonged to the FD group. On the other hand, by evaluating changes in rheumatological outcome measures, it was found that, compared with those on a FD, HD subjects showed a higher reduction in ESR (14.9±18.0 vs 2.04±15.5, p<0.001) and in VAS (4.46±3.06 vs 2.77±2.65, p=0.004). Changes in all the other outcome measures did not significantly differ between HD and FD subjects (p always >0.05).
Overall, MDA was achieved by 27 (42.9%) HD and 22 (34.9%) FD subjects (HR=1.85, 95% CI 1.019 to 3.345, p=0.043)
Effects of weight loss
Compared with those with <5% weight loss, patients with ≥5% weight loss exhibited a higher mean reduction in CRP (5.01±9.5 vs 1.37±7.48, p=0.023), ESR (12.25±18.22 vs 3.09±16.2, p=0.004), VAS (4.00±2.90 vs 1.97±2.42, p=0.018), global VAS (4.68±2.92 vs 2.56±1.94, p<0.001) and HAQ (1.29±0.79 vs 0.53±0.67, p=0.004).
Stratifying results for categories of weight loss, subjects with >10% weight loss exhibited a higher reduction in VAS (5.06±2.64 vs 1.97±2.42, p<0.001), in global VAS (4.26±2.02 vs 2.56±1.94, p=0.008) and in ESR (14.45±20.14 vs 3.09±16.2, p<0.001) than those reporting <5% weight loss. In contrast, those experiencing a 5–10% weight loss, showed a higher reduction in VAS (4.05±3.04 vs 1.97±2.42, p=0.005) and ESR (11.51±14.86 vs 3.09±16.2, p=0.004) as compared with subjects with <5% weight loss.
MDA was achieved by 50.0% of patients with a successful diet (≥5% weight loss) and by 23.1% of those without (OR=4.20, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.66, p<0.001).
Interestingly, for increasing categories of weight loss (<5%, 5–10%, >10%), MDA was achieved by 23.1%, 44.8% and 59.5%, respectively. Overall, MDA achievement was more frequent in subjects with 5–10% or with >10% weight loss than in those with <5% weight loss (figure 2).
MDA achievement according to categories of weight loss changes during the 6 months’ follow-up. MDA, minimal disease activity.
After stratifying for weight loss categories, HD was no longer a predictor of achieving MDA (OR=1.57, 95% CI 0.895 to 2.774, p=0.115).
Of interest, a ≥5% weight loss was a significant predictor of achieving MDA in subjects with the axial subset ( OR=8.16, 95% CI 1.53 to 43.39, p=0.014) and in those with the axial+peripheral subset (OR=4.16, 95% CI 1.35 to 12.88, p=0.013), but not in those with the peripheral subset (OR=1.94, 95% CI 0.25 to 15.1, p=0.525).
Discussion
Among clinical and laboratory predictors of the response to TNFα blockers,31 ,32 data on ‘metabolic’ variables are limited. The main finding of this prospective study is that regardless of the type of diet a ≥5% weight loss is the major and independent predictor of MDA achievement in overweight/obese patients with PsA starting treatment with TNFα blockers.
Although poorly studied in patients with PsA, the impact of weight loss on inflammatory markers has been widely evaluated in ‘metabolic’ populations. Cytokines and adipokines are implicated in the aetiology of a proinflammatory status as much as in insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.17 A caloric restriction lowers levels of several inflammatory (ie, CRP and TNFα) and metabolic (ie, cholesterol, triglycerides and body weight) markers.17 Confirming and extending these data, we found that, compared with those without a successful diet, patients with ≥5% weight loss exhibited a higher reduction in some rheumatological outcome measures (ESR, CRP, VAS, global VAS and HAQ). Overall, these data support the possibility that, by reducing inflammation, weight loss may be associated with an improvement in the response to TNFα blockers.
Weight loss may affect the achievement of MDA also by changing the pharmacodynamic properties (ie, distribution volume) of TNFα blockers. In addition, at variance with the other TNFα blockers used, infliximab needs weight-adjusted doses. The lack of a meticulous dose adjustment might affect the response to this TNFα blocker. However, despite some inherent limitations (drug presentation in 100 mg vials), special attention was paid to adjustment of infliximab dosages for body weight during the study period. Overall, the finding that no difference in achieving MDA was found among different TNFα blockers, suggests that weight loss has an independent effect on its achievement. However, this should be further verified in ad hoc studies.
Given the ability of HD to affect several inflammatory markers,17 in this study, we tested its impact on the achievement of MDA in patients with PsA who started treatment with TNFα blockers. In parallel to a more significant weight loss, a higher rate of MDA achievement was found in HD than FD subjects. Of interest, when the category of weight loss was included in the multivariate analysis, HD was no longer a significant predictor of MDA. Whether this finding suggests that regardless of type of diet the weight loss itself helps to achieve MDA is unknown and deserves to be further analysed.33 Although the sample size was calculated to evaluate the different effect of HD and FD on MDA achievement, a >80% power (with <5% α error) was found for results of the post hoc analysis.
Chronic inflammation and vascular risk factors act synergistically, leading to an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in rheumatic patients.2 The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) suggests a periodic CV risk assessment in rheumatological settings, including disease activity as an independent risk factor.34 In turn, major markers of atherosclerosis (carotid plaques; hepatic steatosis), besides globally assessing the damage due to cardiometabolic and/or inflammatory determinants,35 ,36 seem to help to identify patients at high risk of not achieving MDA.22
Accordingly, besides CV risk profile improvement, weight loss seems to render patients more likely to achieve MDA. These data have to be analysed in the framework of the growing research field aimed at identifying predictors of a successful treatment with TNFα blockers.32 These drugs are expensive37 and have serious side effects,38 and thus newer predictors of success would be helpful in identifying patients with the highest efficacy/safety ratios in whom their use would be beneficial.
Some limitations of this study need to be discussed. About 20% of the patients of this study were receiving chronic treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Although glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, metformin and sulfonylurea are known to modify body weight,39 patients had been receiving hypoglycaemic treatment for at least 1 year before study entry. This makes it unlikely that weight loss seen during the study period was due to the use of such drugs in our patients.
The prevalence of axial involvement is high in our sample. The presence of an axial subset, which has a high rate of refractoriness to DMARDs, has been recognised as a major criterion for starting treatment with TNFα blockers.40 Thus, the selection criteria of our study population might have led to such a high prevalence. PASI scores seem to be rather low in our sample. At the time of enrolment, before starting TNFα blockers, all study patients were receiving treatment with traditional DMARDs, which might have affected baseline PASI scores.
In this study, MDA was defined according to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) criteria,41 whose efficacy in providing outcome measures for clinical trials has been acknowledged.30 Although other criteria may be used to define a good clinical response, some of these (28-joint count Disease Activity Score) do not assess distal interphalangeal joints and are not recommended for assessing disease activity in patients with PsA.42 In the absence of an established ‘gold standard’, and in view of its feasibility in daily clinical practice, we chose to use the reported definition of MDA in this study. We also evaluated the impact of diet and of weight loss on each rheumatological outcome measure in order to identify variables most extensively changed by nutritional intervention. In conclusion, this study shows that a successful diet (≥5% weight loss) is associated with a higher achievement of MDA in overweight/obese patients with PsA who start treatment with TNFα blockers.
Acknowledgments
All members of the Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatic Diseases Study Group were involved in literature search, organisation of the work and editing of the manuscript. All authors revised and approved this version of this manuscript and approved the mention of their names in the article.
References
Footnotes
Handling editor Tore K Kvien
This study was presented at the European League Against Rheumatism 2012 Conference (Berlin) and published in abstract form (OP0163).
Authorship note: RL and RS share senior authorship on this paper.
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Collaborators Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatic Diseases Study Group (CaRRDs): Matteo Nicola Dario Di Minno, Anna Russolillo, Alessandro Di Minno, Giovanni Tarantino, Giovanni Di Minno (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Regional Reference Centre for Coagulation Disorders, Federico II University, Naples, Italy); Rosario Peluso, Raffaele Scarpa (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Rheumatology Research Unit, Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic, Federico II University, Naples, Italy); Paolo Osvaldo Rubba (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Atherosclerosis Prevention and Vascular Medicine Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy); Salvatore Iervolino (Reumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, ‘Salvatore Maugeri’ Foundation, Scientific Institute of Telese Terme (BN), Italy).
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Contributors MNDDM conceived and designed the study, performed the statistical analysis interpreted the results and drafted the manuscript; RP, SI and AR acquired clinical data and drafted the manuscript; RL designed the nutritional intervention, acquired metabolic data and drafted the manuscript; RS interpreted the results and performed critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Competing interests None.
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Ethics approval Federico II University local ethics committee.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.